Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
What is flow rate?
The volume of fluid passing a point per unit time.
What does Bernoulli’s equation describe?
The conservation of energy in a fluid flow.
What is viscosity?
The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
What characterizes turbulent flow?
Irregular, chaotic fluid motion with mixing of layers.
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
What is the formula for flow rate?
Q = V/t (where V is volume and t is time).
Write Bernoulli’s equation.
P + 0.5ρv² + ρgh = constant.
What is laminar flow?
Smooth, orderly fluid motion in layers.
What is the Reynolds number?
A dimensionless number used to predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What are the SI units of flow rate?
Cubic meters per second (m³/s).
What is Bernoulli’s principle?
As the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases.
What is Poiseuille’s Law?
A law that describes the flow of viscous fluid in a pipe: Q = (P2 - P1)πr⁴ / 8ηl.
What Reynolds number indicates the onset of turbulence?
Above 3000.
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across membranes using energy.
How is flow rate related to the cross-sectional area and velocity of a fluid?
Q = A * v (where A is the cross-sectional area and v is the average velocity).
Name one application of Bernoulli’s principle.
Airplane wings creating lift.
What units are used to measure viscosity?
Pascal seconds (Pa·s).
What factors affect the Reynolds number?
Fluid density, velocity, characteristic length, and viscosity.
Give an example of a biological process involving diffusion.
Oxygen entering cells from the bloodstream.
If the cross-sectional area of a pipe doubles, what happens to the flow rate if the velocity remains constant?
The flow rate also doubles.
How does Bernoulli’s equation apply to the flow of blood in arteries?
It helps explain how pressure differences drive blood flow through the circulatory system.
How does viscosity affect laminar flow in a tube?
Higher viscosity reduces flow rate.
How does turbulence impact blood flow in arteries?
It can cause irregular flow and is associated with conditions like atherosclerosis.
What is the primary difference between diffusion and active transport?
Diffusion does not require energy, while active transport does.