Classical Conditioning
After extinction, a previously extinguished fear response suddenly reappears during a stressful moment. This phenomenon is known as this.
What is Spontaneous Recovery
This psychologist developed the operant chamber to study reinforcement.
Who is B.F. Skinner?
Slot machines operate on this reinforcement schedule.
What is variable ratio?
A child insists that a tall, thin glass has “more juice” than a short, wide one, even when both contain the same amount. This error is typical of this Piagetian stage.
What is the preoperational stage?
A pregnant person drinks heavily during the first trimester, resulting in lifelong cognitive and physical impairments for the child. These impairments are caused by this category of harmful agents.
What are teratogens?
In Pavlov’s experiment, this was the unconditioned response.
What is salivation to food?
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior is known as this.
What is shaping?
A paycheck every two weeks is an example of this schedule.
What is fixed interval?
A toddler cries when their caregiver leaves but is easily soothed when they return. This attachment pattern is known as this.
What is secure attachment?
A researcher finds that children raised in multilingual households show earlier mastery of perspective‑taking and more advanced moral reasoning in adolescence. The researcher argues that language complexity shaped cognitive and moral development. Identify the theorist whose ideas support this claim and the specific mechanism they would argue is responsible.
Who is Vygotsky, and what is social interaction/scaffolding as the mechanism?
When a dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer, this process is occurring.
What is discrimination?
A student studies more after discovering that studying reduces their anxiety before tests. This is an example of this type of reinforcement.
What is negative reinforcement?
A person checks their email throughout the day because messages arrive unpredictably. This schedule maintains the behavior.
What is variable interval?
A teenager refuses to cheat on a test because they believe honesty is a universal moral principle. Kohlberg would place them in this stage.
What is postconventional morality?
A child raised in a language‑rich environment develops complex grammar earlier than a child raised with limited language exposure. This supports this theorist’s emphasis on social interaction.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
A child learns to fear a white rat and later fears a white rabbit. This demonstrates this principle.
What is generalization?
A behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences is known as this.
What is operant behavior?
A factory worker is paid for every 50 items assembled, no matter how long it takes. This is an example of this schedule.
What is fixed ratio?
A parent provides just enough assistance for a child to solve a puzzle, then gradually removes support. Vygotsky called this process this.
What is scaffolding?
A child says “goed” instead of “went,” demonstrating this language‑learning process.
What is overregularization?
A college student used to feel anxious when hearing the dorm fire alarm because it predicted mandatory evacuations during winter. After months without alarms, the anxiety faded. But during a stressful exam week, the student suddenly feels anxious again when hearing a similar beeping sound from a microwave. Identify the two classical conditioning processes occurring and explain why the second sound triggered the response.
What are spontaneous recovery and generalization?
A parent gives a child a time‑out to reduce misbehavior. This is an example of this operant principle.
What is punishment?
A streaming platform releases new episodes of a popular show at unpredictable intervals. Users check the app frequently, even when no new episodes are released. Meanwhile, the platform also gives loyalty rewards after a random number of hours watched. Identify the reinforcement schedule driving the checking behavior and the schedule driving the reward behavior — and explain which one is more resistant to extinction.
What are variable interval (checking behavior) and variable ratio (loyalty rewards), with variable ratio being more resistant to extinction?
A child struggles to understand that their friend may have different beliefs or knowledge than they do. This reflects a limitation in this cognitive ability.
What is theory of mind?
A cross‑cultural study finds that children raised in collectivist cultures reach Kohlberg’s “conventional” stage earlier than children in individualist cultures, despite similar cognitive development. Meanwhile, both groups show similar timelines in grammatical development, but differ in pragmatic language use (such as politeness strategies and indirect requests). Identify the developmental concept that explains the moral reasoning difference and the language theory that accounts for the variation in pragmatic skills.
What is the influence of cultural norms on moral development (cultural relativism in Kohlberg’s stages), and what is the sociocultural theory of language development (Vygotsky’s emphasis on social context shaping pragmatic competence)?