Sleep Stages
The state of being aware of and able to think about one's own existence, thoughts, and surroundings.
Consciousness
This term is defined as experiences that occur during sleep, often with rich imaginative content. Lucid dreaming is a state where you become aware you are dreaming
Dreaming
Defined as a state of heightened focus and relaxation where a person is more open to suggestion.
Hypnosis
The process of detecting and interpreting sensory stimuli from the environment
Sensation
The conversion of light into neural signals by photoreceptors in the retina.
Transduction
Determines brightness in vision and volume in hearing.
Amplitude
This term describes the sense of smell, involving the detection of airborne chemicals by receptors in the nasal cavity.
Olfaction
This a state of reduced sensory awareness where the body rests and repairs.
Sleeping
Suggests that dreaming helps to consolidate and process memories
Consolidation Theory
Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Insomnia
The minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time
Absolute Threshold
The area on the retina where the optic nerve exits, lacking photoreceptors.
Blind Spot
Suggests that different frequencies of sound are detected by different locations on the cochlea.
Place Theory
This term describes the sense of taste, involving the detection of sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory), and olegustus (fatty) flavors.
Gustation
The body’s internal clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles over a 24-hour period
Circadian Rhythm
Proposes that dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
A disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks.
Narcolepsy
The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the stimuli.
Just-Noticeable Difference or Weber’s Law
The theory that color vision is based on the activity of three types of color receptors (cones) sensitive to red, green, and blue.
Trichromatic Theory
Proposes that neurons fire in volleys to account for pitch perception, especially for frequencies above 1000 Hz.
Volley Theory
The sense of body position and movement, involving receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints.
Kinesthesis "kin-uh-s-the-sis"
Sleep stages characterized by slower brain waves and divided into stages 1-3
NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement)
Disruption of the circadian rhythm caused by rapid travel across time zones
Jet Lag
A condition where individuals act out their dreams due to lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep.
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A condition where stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory pathway (e.g., seeing colors when hearing sounds).
Synesthesia
The theory that color vision is based on opposing pairs of colors (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white) and that activation of one color inhibits the perception of its opposite.
Opponent-Process Theory
Suggests that the frequency of sound is encoded by the rate at which neurons fire.
Frequency Theory
Chemical signals released by an individual that affect the behavior or physiology of others, often related to sexual attraction
Pheromones
A sleep stage associated with vivid dreams and brain activity similar to wakefulness.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Work schedules that disrupt normal circadian rhythms, potentially affecting health and sleep.
Shift Work
A disorder characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.
Sleep Apnea
The decreased sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time.
Sensory Adaptation
Difficulty in distinguishing certain colors, often due to a lack of certain types of cones in the retina.
Color Vision Deficiency
The process of identifying the origin of a sound in space, relying on differences in timing and intensity between the two ears.
Sound Localization
A theory that suggests the spinal cord contains a "gate" that controls the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Non-painful stimuli can close the gate and reduce pain perception.
Gate Control Theory
Lack of REM sleep which can affect memory and mood
REM Deprivation
Sensory experiences that occur at the onset of sleep, such as vivid images or sensations.
Hypnagogic Sensation
A disorder involving walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep.
Somnambulism (Sleepwalking)
saam-nam-byuh-li-zm
The influence of one sensory modality on another (e.g., taste and smell working together).
Sensory Interaction
A condition characterized by difficulty recognizing faces.
Prosopagnosia
Hearing loss caused by problems with the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from being conducted to the inner ear.
Conduction Hearing Loss
Sensations experienced in a limb that has been amputated, often felt as if the limb is still present.
Phantom Limb Sensations
Increased REM sleep following a period of deprivation
REM Rebound
Another name for REM sleep due to its contradictory combination of high brain activity and muscle atonia (loss of muscle tone).
Paradoxical Sleep
Includes impaired cognitive function, memory problems, mood disturbances, and weakened immune response.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation
These determines color in vision and pitch in hearing.
Wavelength
The phenomenon where prolonged exposure to a color causes a visual impression of the complementary color after the stimulus is removed.
Afterimage Effect
Hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.
Sensorineural Deafness
What year did Mr. Harty graduate High School?
2016