Psychologist
came up with a cognitive developmental theory, which focuses on how our cognitions develop in stages as we mature
an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
habituation
Approach where behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
Biomedical Therapy
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Conformity
behaviorist who expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement- environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses
B.F Skinner
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth
unconditioned response (UR)
Approach that emphasizes the inherited, adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes
Evolutionary Approach
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique, Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people, therefore, get what they deserve and deserve what they got
Just World Phenomenon
the psychologist who believed the science must limit itself to observable phenomena; wanted to establish behaviorism as the dominant paradigm of psychology
John Watson
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
Approach developed by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior
Psychodynamic Approach
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with in a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. AKA Person-Centered therapy
Client Centered Therapy
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Hindsight Bias
revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories
Sigmund Frued
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Extinction
Approach that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of action
Cognitive Appproach
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.
Exposure Therapy
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Discrimination
Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
Max Wertheimer
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Law of Effect
Approach that views behavior as controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
the enhancement of group's prevailing inclinations through discussions within the group
group polarization