Famous Names
pioneered research regarding relearning, and analyzed memory data for patients finding that most information tended to drop off quickly, leaving one with less than 25% of their originally-learned knowledge after a month.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
the organizing of information into familiar, manageable units.
Chunking
the momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli—
a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few seconds
Iconic memory
the intentional encoding of information that requires attention and effort.
Effortful processing
the condition in which patients fail to develop new memories
Anterograde amnesia
Pioneered research on the misinformation effect by working with eyewitness accounts in the legal system. Successfully showed that simply re-wording questions altered the recollection of witnesses.
Elizabeth Loftus
memory aids, like acronyms, and other tricks we use to remember information.
Mnemonics
the momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
the unconscious encoding of incidental information,
such as space, time, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
automatic processing
the failure to retrieve old information from one’s past
retrograde amnesia
One of the first sets of field work that attempted to identify intelligence. Created a concept of a general factor of intelligence.
Charles Spearman
the spacing of learning and relearning (reviewing) information across several days or weeks rather than cramming the information.
Spacing effect
the memory of facts and experiences that one can
consciously know and declare
Explicit memory
encoding on a basic level, based primarily on the structure or appearance of words
shallow processing
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Proactive interference
Due to extensive research on moral psychology and judgement by this person, we now know that decisions are based primarily on intuitive predispositions and rationalized after the fact.
Jonathan Haidt
the tendency to remember the
names or info at the beginning or end of a list—can impact which terms we remember more accuratel
serial-position effect
The retention of information independent of conscious recollection. This is memory information that one cannot explain (i.e., you don’t consciously think about walking—you just walk)
Implicit memory
the encoding of information semantically, based on the meaning of the word, its context, or its significance.
deep processing
occurs when new learning disrupts the recall of old information.
retroactive interference
challenged the idea of general intelligence instead arguing there are three basic types of intelligence application that vary in individuals and across various contexts. Argued that intelligence can manifest itself in the analytical, creative, and practical.
Robert Sternberg
a situational predicament in which
people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group
stereotype threat
the processing of information into the memory system by extracting meaning.
Encoding
short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active
processing of information that is retained temporarily to enhance our thought process
working memory
attributing an event or memory to the wrong source – occurs when our brains fail to retrieve a memory.
Source amnesia