Perception
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective Attention
- Inattentional/Change blindness
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event like your first kiss or death of a loved one
Flashbulb Memory
Tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study
Spacing Effect (Deep Processing, Chunking, Hierarchies, Mnemonics)
Explain the difference between convergent & divergent thinking
Convergent thinking = narrows to determine the single best solution
Divergent thinking = expands the number of possible problem solutions
A single intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities & is therefore measured by every task on intelligence test
General intelligence (g) Score
The mental frameworks for organizing and understanding our world around us based on our experiences
Schemas
Explain the Multi Stage Model in detail
Sensory
Short-term/Working Memory
Long Term Memory
When the last items of a list are remembered best in working memory
Recency Effect (Primacy Effect / Serial position effect)
A little girl is lost. She quickly finds an older woman to help her as she believes she will be nice and caring.
Representative Heuristic (Availability Heuristic)
When members of a group who think they are “lesser than” others in certain areas perform worse in that area than members of a different group is known as…
Stereotype Threat
Stereotype Lift
Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shapes, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change
Perceptual Constancies
What does Elizabeth Loftus’ Misinformation effect state?
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event can lead to misremembering details
Explain the difference between Recall and Recognition
Recall = retrieve information learning earlier (fill-in-the-blank / provide a definition)
Recognition = identify items previously learned (multiple-choice)
Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of
Algorithm (Informal Reasoning)
Explain the difference between crystallized & fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence = accumulated knowledge & verbal skills (tends to increase)
Fluid intelligence = ability to reason speedily and abstractly; (tends to decrease)
Explain the similarity and difference while providing an example of each → binocular & monocular cues
Sim = depth perception cues
Diff = 2 eyes vs 1 eyes
Bin = Retinal Disparity & convergence
Mon = Size, clarity, interposition, linear perspective, texture gradient
Kathy studies for her test while on medication for her allergies. She seems to remember the info better if she is on the same medication while taking the assessment as well
State Dependent Memory (Mood congruent / Context-dependant)
Explain what the Forgetting Curve states
Forgetting is most intense at the beginning of the time period and levels off over time
A way of thinking that has worked before. Example: If you keep working hard long enough, it’ll pay off
Mental set
Explain the difference between reliability & validity when it comes to testing
Reliability - yields consistent results
Validity - measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Explain the difference between Bottom up vs Top Down Processing
BU - Relies on sensation to perceive something
TD - Utilizes experiences, expectations, and motives to fill in the gaps in our perception
Explain the difference & provide an example of Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Proactive interference= prior information disrupts learning of new information
Retroactive interference = new learning disrupts recalling old information
Identify and explain the different types of memories created from effortful and automatic processing
Effortful = Explicit (Episodic, Semantic, & Prospective)
Automatic = Implicit (Procedural)
Explain the difference between assimilation & accommodation
Assimilation = placing new info into an existing schema
Accommodation = changing an existing schema or creating a new schema)
Identify and explain the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Analytical (Academics)
Creativity (novel ideas)
Practical (Street smarts)