Perspectives
Freud Internal, Unconscious childhood conflicts. Id, ego and superego (personality). Defense mechanisms are used by ego to protect from anxiety. Projective tests (TAT and Rorscach Inkblot) bring out unconscious
Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic
(Ex.-IF taking this pill THEN a person’s hyperactivity will decrease)
Hypothesis
Expresses a cause and effect relationship. You can do this by manipulating a variable. The disadvantage is that sometimes you cannot generalize what happens in a controlled laboratory environment to the real world.
Experimental method
Studying a person or group in depth. Advantage in-depth detailed study of individual or small groups. Disadvantage is that findings cannot be generalized to a larger population.
Case Study
any difference between the experimental and control conditions that might affect the dependent variable (rule out anything that might affect validity of experiment) (example: the time of day or the room temperature in which two experiments were conducted. This is called situation relevant confounding variable)
Confounding variable-(3rd party variable)
Maslow and Rogers. Self actualization (reaching one’s potential) unconditional positive regard (total acceptance), genuinity and empathy are needed for growth. Humans have free will
Humanistic
Explaining specifically (in detail) how you will measure a variable. (Ex. - hyperactivity will be defined as the number of times a 5-10 year old gets out of his seat in a 2 hour period. We operationally define variables so that we can replicate.
Operationalized definition
ONLY USED IN AN EXPERIMENT - participants are randomly assigned to either the control (group not receiving the treatment) or experimental group. (group receiving treatment) . This controls for any preexisting differences in the groups (bias).
Random assignment
guarantees every member of a population has an equal chance of being picked. Ex-.Picking out of a hat OR Computer generated sample of 100 Providence students for survey. (Only use one of these examples). This increases the likelihood of a sample being representative.
Random selection
unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control group differently because he/she knows what the experiment is about
Experimental bias
Pavlov’s dogs and Watson’s Little Albert (classical - stimulus and response) and Skinner (Operant - behavior followed by its’consequences of reinforcers or punishers) Behavior is learned through conditioning. the environment controls behavior.
Behavioral
Manipulated variable. (Ex.-the pill if you’re testing a pill to see if it relieves hyperactivity.) In an If...Then Hypothesis it always comes after the IF. This is given to the experimental group only.
Independent variable
Expresses a relationship between 2 variables. Correlations may be positive or negative, strong or weak. A Positive correlation is when both variables increase or both variables decrease at the same time. (Hint: when multiplying integers in math a negative times a negative equals a positive.) Negative correlation is when one variable increases, the other variable decreases.
Correlation
goal of sampling, select a sample representative of a larger population. (Example- a representative sample in the United States would have roughly14 % Latino-Americans).
Representative Sample
neither the subjects nor researchers are aware of control/experiment (or those receiving placebo). This eliminates experimenter or subject bias. A single blind controls for subject bias (he/she does not know about the experiment)
Double-blind procedure
Piaget Interpretation, processing and remembering of social situations and events effect peoples behaviors
Cognitive
Measured variable. (Ex.- the level of hyperactivity change in this is dependent on change in independent variable. In a IF...THEN Hypothesis it always comes after the then. It is usually a score or a number.
Dependent variable
Many FRQ questions ask what was flawed about the conclusions. If it was a correlational study then the flaw is that you cannot reach a cause and effect conclusion.
Correlation does not mean causation
(Ex-Alcohol consumption is correlated with driving skills)
Theory
study in which workers were monitored to see if the amount of light in a room would affect worker productivity. Under both conditions, performance increased because they were being watched. This causes a need for a control group.
Hawthorne Effect
Genes, hormones, neurotransmitters affect behavior and personality
Biomedical / Biological
experiments require these 2 groups. The experimental group receives the independent variable to see if it had any effect.
Experimental/Control conditions
Research conducted in natural habitat (animals or humans). No interaction with subjects. nothing is manipulated
Naturalistic Observation
allows researchers to ensure that a sample is directly representative of the population on some criteria. For example: Representative by race. If a population of 1000 has 500 white, 300 black, 200 latino then one would choose 50 white, 30 black, and 20 latino individuals for a sample of 100 total participants.
Stratified Sample
this controls for possible subject bias where the subjects knowledge of the treatment may cause them to think they are having the effects.
Placebo/ Placebo Effect- (example is a sugar pill)