Hypotheses & Variables
A tentative explanation or an educated guess for a phenomenon or observation, based on limited evidence, that can be tested.
What is Hypothesis?
The only research design that establishes cause-and-effect.
What is an experiment?
Participants must be told the study’s true purpose after deception.
What is debriefing?
a phenomenon where a person experiences real improvements in their condition after receiving a fake or inactive treatment
What is placebo effect?
Name a type of study that takes place over multiple points in time
A clear, quantifiable definition of a variable that ensures replication.
What is an operational definition?
A study that examines one individual in extreme depth.
What is a case study?
When participants alter behavior because they know they’re being watched.
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Assigning participants to groups randomly to ensure fairness.
What is random assignment?
Adding up the sum of all numbers and then dividing by the total individual numbers
Mean
The variable that is purposefully altered by researcher to look for effect.
What is Independent Variable?
This research method observes behavior in natural settings.
What is naturalistic observation?
A study where neither participants nor researchers know who received treatment.
What is a double-blind study?
A sample that mirrors the population’s demographics.
What is a representative sample?
A metric used to show how spread out a number is from its average
Standard Deviation
The group in an experiment that receives no treatment (baseline).
What is the control group?
A problem where an unseen variable affects a correlation (e.g., ice cream and murder rates).
What is the confounding variable
Ethic principle that states that it would be unethical to cause someone severe emotional distress
Do no harm
"I knew it all along" bias after learning an outcome.
What is hindsight bias?
What was the independent and dependent variable of the Milgram Study
I-Pressure applied to the teacher to keep going
D-Whether or not the teacher kept going
T/F Correlation between two variables shows direct causation
False
A type of study where all data is gathered at a set point in time
Cross Sectional
Ethical rule requiring minors and parents to agree to a study.
What is informed consent?
Flaws accidentally introduced into a study (e.g., unaccounted variables).
What is a confounding variable?
What is the independent and dependent variables in the Asch conformity study
I- # of people giving the wrong answer
D-Subject giving the wrong answer