Classical Conditioning
Who is the psychologist most famously associated with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the term for reinforcing a behavior by giving a pleasant stimulus, such as giving a child candy for finishing homework?
Positive reinforcement
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor
The powerful bond between infants and caregivers
Attachment
Which type of memory involves the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information and events?
Declarative
In classical conditioning, what is it called when the conditioned response disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
What is the term for a type of reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses?
Fixed ratio schedule
In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.
Egocentrism
Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver,
Secure Attachment
This cognitive bias occurs when people believe they understand something after they have been told the answer, but they initially failed to understand it. What is this bias called?
Hindsight bias
A dog salivates when it hears a bell because the bell was repeatedly paired with food. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?
Bell
What is the term for a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses, such as in gambling?
Variable ratio schedule
The principle (which Piaget believed was a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Conservation
Parents that have rules that are strict without flexibility and empathy and consequences that can be severe.
Authoritarian
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Phoneme
A child who was conditioned to fear a white rabbit now also fears a white cat and a white fur coat. This demonstrates:
A) Stimulus discrimination
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Stimulus generalization
D) Habituation
What is the process called when a behavior is increased by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus?
Negative reinforcement
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about the age of 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Formal Operational
According to Erikson, the main task of adolescence.
Identity formation
A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression by directing muscle movements involved in speech.
Broca's Aphasia
The pseudonym of a young boy at the center of the infamous psychology experiment in which he was conditioned to fear rats
Little Albert
In B.F. Skinner’s experiment with pigeons, what is the term for the behavior where the pigeon repeatedly pecks a key in order to receive food, demonstrating learning through reinforcement?
Shaping
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Schema
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
The social clock
A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression.
Wernicke's Area