Attribution and Biases
This belief leads people to assume that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.
Just-world hypothesis
Changing behavior to fit in with a group to gain approval or avoid rejection is known as this.
Conformity
This group decision-making problem occurs when the desire for harmony suppresses dissenting viewpoints.
Groupthink
This term refers to a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in certain ways.
Trait
Motivation driven by internal satisfaction, such as enjoyment or interest, is called this type of motivation.
Intrinsic motivation
Attributing your group’s success to ability while dismissing another group’s success as luck best illustrates this bias.
Ingroup bias
This route to persuasion relies on logical arguments and careful thinking.
Central route to persuasion
When people are less likely to help in an emergency because others are present, this is occurring.
Bystander effect
This theory emphasizes that personality is shaped by the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and the environment.
Social-cognitive theory
According to this theory, behavior is motivated by a desire to reduce physical discomfort and restore internal balance
This occurs when people explain their own failures by blaming the situation but explain others’ failures by blaming personal traits.
Self-serving bias
This compliance technique involves first agreeing to a small request before being asked for a larger one.
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
This phenomenon occurs when individuals exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
Social loafing
Albert Bandura argued that learning can occur by watching others, a process known by this term.
Observational learning (modeling)
This theory proposes that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are essential psychological needs that support intrinsic motivation.
Self-determination theory
This bias causes people to overestimate how much others share their attitudes and beliefs.
False consensus effect
Persuasion based on attractiveness, emotion, or credibility rather than evidence uses this route.
Peripheral route to persuasion
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others is known as this.
Social facilitation
This concept explains how personal beliefs, behavior, and environmental factors all influence one another in a continuous loop.
Reciprocal analysis
This theory argues that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal—not too bored and not too stressed.
Arousal theory
This error involves overemphasizing dispositional factors and underestimating situational influences when judging others’ behavior.
Fundamental attribution error
Changing an attitude to reduce discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs and behaviors reflects this concept.
Cognitive dissonance
Anonymity, arousal, and reduced self-awareness leading to antisocial behavior best illustrate this concept.
Deindividuation
This statistical technique is used in trait theory to identify clusters of related traits by analyzing patterns in responses.
Factor analysis
This law shows that performance increases with arousal up to a point, after which performance declines as arousal becomes excessive.
Yerkes-Dodson Law