4.6 Motivation
Motivation driven by internal enjoyment is called:
Intrinsic motivation
The theory that facial expressions influence emotional experience is called:
Facial-feedback hypothesis
A study that measures the relationship between two variables without manipulating them uses this method.
Correlational study
Researchers record how many times students check their phones during class but do not interfere.
Naturalistic observation
Behavior motivated by rewards or external incentives is called:
Extrinsic motivation
The idea that positive emotions expand thinking and action is known as:
Broaden-and-build theory
The specific, measurable way a variable is defined in a study is called its:
Operational definition
A study measures “motivation” using the number of optional practice problems completed.
Operational definition of motivation
According to drive-reduction theory, people act to maintain this stable internal state.
Homeostasis
Research suggests some emotions are expressed similarly across cultures.
Universal emotions
When results are unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, they are described as:
Statistically significant
A finding shows a relationship between stress and sleep but does not establish cause-and-effect.
Correlation does not imply causation
Performance increases with arousal up to a point, then declines.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Cultural rules that guide how emotions should be expressed are called:
Display rules
Participants must be informed of the purpose of a study and any deception after it ends. This ethical guideline is called:
Debriefing (Ill take Informed Consent)
Participants are told the true purpose of the study only after data collection ends.
Debriefing (ethical guideline)
Choosing between two undesirable options creates this motivational conflict.
Avoidance–avoidance conflict
A student feels calmer after forcing a smile before giving a presentation.
Facial-feedback hypothesis
A study surveys people leaving one movie theater on one weekend. This most directly limits the study’s:
Generalizability
College students from one university are used to draw conclusions about all adults. This weakens:
generalizability