Memory Processes
This process helps us get information into memory
What is encoding?
The greatest amount of time that information can be stored in short-term memory
What is 20 seconds?
More was learned about memory from this one patient than over the last 75 years
Who is H.M.?
Ebbinghaus's graphical representation of retention and forgetting over time
What is a forgetting curve?
Riding a bike is an example of this type of memory
What is procedural memory?
(or implicit/nondeclarative)
An encoding process that groups similar information into a single unit to increase capacity in short-term memory
What is chunking?
The assumed capacity of short-term memory
What is 4 ± 1?
Psychologist known for their research on the misinformation effect
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
What is decay theory?
You are using this type of memory when you answer "who is the first president of the United States?"
What is semantic memory?
This is essential to moving information from sensory memory to short-term memory
What is attention?
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
What is long-term memory?
Proposed motivated forgetting, or repression, as an explanation for retrieval failures of unpleasant memories
Who is Sigmund Freud?
When you keep recalling your old phone number instead of your new phone number
What is proactive interference?
Another name for declarative memory
What is explicit memory?
When the successful retrieval of a memory depends on the environment where the memory was encoded
What is context-dependent memory?
Another name for short-term memory
What is working memory?
The two psychologists credited for proposing levels-of-processing theory
Who are Craik and Lockhart?
Occurs when you have better recall for items at the BEGINNING of a list
What is the primacy effect?
A father's vivid recollection of the scene and his emotions when his daughter was born
What is a flashbulb memory?
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of this
What is a retrieval failure?
A type of sensory memory specific to vision
What is iconic memory?
Redefined short-term memory as "working memory"
Who is (Alan) Baddeley?
The term that explains why hearing the first syllable of a word would be an effective retrieval cue for a word you encoded phonemically/acoustically
What is the encoding specificity principle?
Remembering to give your favorite teacher a Christmas gift before you leave for winter break
What is prospective memory?