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Learning/Cognition
Cognition
Cognition
Cognition
Motivation & Emotion
100
Taking away a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur.
What is negative punishment?
100
Subdivision of declarative memory that stores memories of personal experiences and events. For example, your first piano recital, first prom, and first varsity soccer goal are all examples.
What is episodic memory?
100
Process of remembering several pieces of information by mentally associating an image of each with a different location.
What is method of loci?
100
Preference for information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discovering contradictory evidence.
What is confirmation bias?
100
Optimal level of psychological arousal helps performances. When arousal is too low, our minds wander and we become bored. When arousal is too high, we become too anxious and "freeze-up." People are thus motivated to seek a moderate level of stimulation that is neither too easy nor too hard.
What is Yerkes-Dodson Law?
200
Occurs by watching others and then imitating or modeling the observed behavior.
What is observational learning?
200
Occurs when old information interferes with recalling new information. For example, your old locker combination interferes with remembering your new locker combination.
What is proactive interference?
200
Smallest distinctive sound used in a language. For example, the T in TARDY and the NG in SING are both examples.
What are phonemes?
200
General rule of thumb or shortcut that is used to reduce the number of possible solutions.
What is heuristic?
200
Maslow's theory that lower motives (such as physiological and safety needs) must be met before advancing to higher needs (such as esteem and self-actualization).
What is hierarchy of needs?
300
Use of a general cue to retrieve a memory. For example, your psychology teacher asks you to write down everything you learned in last week's lesson on operant conditioning.
What is recall?
300
Occurs when new information interferes with recalling old information. For example, learning how to write an SAT essay interferes with the information you previously learned about how to write an ACT essay.
What is retroactive interference?
300
Smallest unit of meaning in a language. For example, the word UNTOUCHABLE consists of three of these - the prefix UN, the root word TOUCH, and the suffix ABLE.
What are morphemes?
300
Judging the likelihood of an event based on readily available personal experiences or reports. For example, news of a plane crash causes a family to cancel their plane reservation and drive 750 miles in their car instead.
What is availability heuristic?
300
Drive to succeed, especially in competition with others. Individuals who have a strong need for achievement seek out tasks that are moderately difficult.
What is achievement motivation?
400
Use of a specific cue to retrieve a memory. For example, your psychology teacher asks you to answer a multiple-choice question about negative reinforcement.
What is recognition?
400
People who suffer from this are unable to remember some or all of their past.
What is retrograde amnesia?
400
Logical, step-by-step procedure that, if followed correctly, will eventually solve a specific problem.
What is an algorithm?
400
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a typical example or prototype. For example, if Bobby is 6 feet 4 inches tall and weights 290 pounds, we may guess that he is an NFL lineman instead of a stockbroker.
What is representativeness heuristic?
400
Based upon external rewards or threats of punishment. For example, James tutors other students because he wants to earn money.
What is extrinsic motivation?
500
Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle.
What is serial-position effect?
500
People who suffer from this are unable to form new memories.
What is anterograde amnesia?
500
Tendency to think of an object as functioning only in its usual or customary way. As a result, individuals often do not see unusual or innovative uses of familiar objects.
What is functional fixedness?
500
Type of thinking in which problem solvers devise a number of possible alternative approaches. This is a major element in creativity.
What is divergent thinking?
500
Based upon personal enjoyment of a task or activity. For example, Robbie tutors other students because he enjoys helping them.
What is intrinsic motivation?