Developmental Stages
the fertilized egg, or germinal stage
what is a zygote
A concept of framework that organizes and interprets information
what is a schema
A stage characterized by stranger anxiety and an a developing awareness of object permanence
what is the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
Mary Ainsworth's strange situation experiment demonstrated the importance of this
a secure attachment
This theorist contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution
who is Erikson
This theorist developed a theory of the development of moral reasoning
who is Lawrence Kohlberg
In utero stage from 2 weeks through the 2nd month
what is an embryo
Interpreting our new experiences in terms of existing schemas
what is assimilation
children in the preoperational stage (2 to 6 years of age) engage in pretend play and have this view of their world
what is egocentrism
Parenting matters but people also have their own characteristic emotional reactions called this
what is temperament
During infancy, the key task is to develop this
what is trust
What developmental stage is characterized by subscribing to laws and rules to maintain order or to gain social approval
what is conventional morality
From 9 weeks after conception to birth
what is the fetus
Adapting our schemas to incorporate new information
what is accommodation
During this stage (7-11 years), children start to think more logically and understand the concept of conservation, the principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain constant despite changes in the form of objects
what is the concrete operational stage
The parenting style where parents make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment
What are "dream" parents?! No, permissive parents.
Adolescents are busy trying on different roles toward developing this
what is a sense of identity
The motivation to obey rules during preconventional morality
what is self-interest, the desire to seek a reward or to avoid punishment
Agents, such as viruses or chemicals, that can damage prenatal development
what are teratogens
Preschoolers develop the ability to infer other' mental states
what is theory of mind
The stage (12 years+) in which older children/adolescents begin to think more abstractly
What is the formal operational stage
Diana Baumrind used this term to describe the optimal parenting style that is both demanding and response
what is authoritative (not authoritarian-- or permissive, or negligent)
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, intimate relationships occurs at this stage
what is the young adulthood stage
The stage when one develops their own belief system or ethical principles
What is postconventional morality
abnormalities caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
what is fetal alcohol syndrome
Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky emphasized that children's minds grow through social interaction , not with their physical environment. He called this a social framework that offers support as children develop higher levels of thinking.
what is scaffold
In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between what a person can do without help and what they might achieve with the help of a mentor
what is the zone of proximal development (remember that "proximal" means close to)
Childhood's major social achievement is a positive this
what is self-concept
The stage during which people search for purpose in their lives
what is middle adulthood (generativity vs stagnation)
Risky adolescent behavior may be explained by the immaturity of this part of the brain
What is the prefrontal cortex?