Unit 0/1 Research & Biological Bases
This type of study involves an in-depth analysis of a single individual or small group, often used when studying rare conditions.
What is a case study?
This is the mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
What is memory?
This type of learning occurs when an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another, such as when a bell is paired with food in Pavlov’s experiment.
What is classical conditioning?
This term refers to the tendency for people to change their behavior to match the group norm, even if they don’t necessarily agree with it.
What is conformity?
This term refers to a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities once enjoyed.
What is depression?
This part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons.
What is the dendtrite?
This type of memory holds information for about 20 seconds before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.
What is short-term memory?
In Piaget's theory, this stage is characterized by children developing the ability to think logically about concrete events but not abstract concepts.
What is the concrete operational stage?
This effect occurs when an individual’s performance is enhanced when working in the presence of others, particularly when they are performing simple tasks.
What is social facilitation?
This anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity, such as heights or spiders.
What is a phobia?
This neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward, and its deficiency is linked to Parkinson’s disease.
What is dopamine?
The inability to recall information due to interference from similar, previously learned material is known as this.
What is proactive interference?
According to Erikson, the challenge of this stage involves the conflict between intimacy and isolation, typically occurring during young adulthood.
What is intimacy vs. isolation?
According to Freud, this part of the personality operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.
What is the id?
This disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings, including manic episodes of high energy and depressive episodes of low energy.
What is bipolar disorder?
This part of the brain regulates vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing.
What is the medulla?
This is the mental shortcut that allows people to make decisions and judgments quickly and efficiently, often leading to errors in judgment.
What is a heuristic?
This type of reinforcement schedule provides rewards after a set number of responses.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
This phenomenon occurs when individuals in a group are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present, believing that others will take responsibility.
What is the bystander effect?
This personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive disregard for the rights of others and a lack of empathy, often leading to criminal behavior.
What is antisocial personality disorder?
In this type of experiment, participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group to eliminate bias.
What is random assignment?
This phenomenon occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall older information.
What is retroactive interference?
This process occurs when a previously conditioned response diminishes or disappears after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is extinction?
This phenomenon describes the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and their failures to external factors, but to attribute others' successes and failures to their personal characteristics.
What is the self-serving bias?
This disorder involves a person experiencing persistent and intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and engaging in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) to reduce anxiety.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?