The Scientific Method
'I knew it all along.'
What is hindsight bias?
A descriptive technique in which an individual is studied in depth
What is a case study?
A statistical measure of how strongly two variables are related
What is a correlation coefficient?
The middle score within a distribution
What is a median?
Correlation does NOT prove what?
Causation
A testable prediction or statement
What is a hypothesis?
A descriptive technique of observing and recoding behavior in naturally occurring situations
What is naturalistic observation?
Perceiving a relationship where none exists
What is an illusory correlation?
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
What is a histogram?
In this example, what is the mode score?
52, 53, 61, 65, 71, 53, 74
53
Using an operational definition so that the experiment can be repeated or what is called what?
Replication
The major flaw of a survey that could impact the answers is what?
Wording issues.
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
What is random assignment?
Numerical data that allow one to generalize, to infer from sample data the probability that something is true of a population
What is inferential statistics?
The range of the following scores is what?
12, 26, 31, 54, 71
59
A flawed sampling process which gets results the researcher wants
What is sampling bias?
In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment or manipulated variable
What is the control group?
An inert or fake substance that is given to the control group when studying medicine
Placebo
A symmetrical, bell-shaped representation of a distribution of scores of which 68% should represent the middle or non-extremes
What is a normal curve?
Curiosity, skepticism and humility make up what?
The scientific attitude
One of the most important parts of research because it defines with careful words what is to be observed and how.
What is an operational definition?
A descriptive technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes ir behaviors
What is a survey?
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward the average
What is regression toward the mean?
A statistical statement that shows that there is enough evidence to show at least a 5% likelihood the results are not by chance.
What is statistical significance?
An experimental procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenters are aware of which participants have received the treatment
What is a double-blind procedure?
The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to participants
What is debriefing?
A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study's results
What is a confounding variable?
When two variables create a perfect +1.0 and a diagonal line of scores from bottom left to top right is called what
positive correlation
A computed measure of how dispersed the data varies from the mean
What is a standard deviation?
Assuming you know what the results of a survey will be based on your own ideas or beliefs and those ofthose you hang out with is called the what?
False Consensus Effect