Biology
This term refers to genetic or predisposed characteristics influencing physical, behavioral, and mental traits.
Heredity or Nature
This type of neuron carries messages from the sense organs to the brain.
Sensory Neuron
This structure controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate.
The brain stem
This principle explains that neurons either fire completely or not at all.
the all-or-nothing principle
This type of sleep is characterized by brain activity similar to wakefulness, despite muscle relaxation.
REM Sleep
This term describes external factors such as family interactions and education that influence behavior and mental processes.
Environment or Nature
This part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The Central Nervous System
This part of the brain processes visual information.
The occipital lobes
These two common types of neural cells in the brain include cells that transmit information and those providing structural support.
neurons and glial cells
This cycle, influenced by light and darkness, regulates sleep and wakefulness over approximately 24 hours.
the circadian rhythm
This part of the nervous system relays messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.
the peripheral nervous system
This structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain and is sometimes severed in cases of severe epilepsy.
The corpus callosum
This process involves the reabsorption of neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron.
Reuptake
This phenomenon occurs when someone is deprived of REM sleep and then enters it more frequently.
REM rebound
This theoretical approach explains how traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population over time.
the evolutionary perspective
This nervous system governs involuntary processes and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
the autonomic nervous system
Damage to this area in the left hemisphere can lead to speech production difficulties.
Broca's area
These neurotransmitters generally increase the likelihood of an action potential.
Excitatory neurotransmitters
These are the two major theories about why sleep occurs.
memory consolidation and restoration theories
This discredited application of the evolutionary perspective was historically used to justify discrimination against others.
Eugenics
The sympathetic nervous system is often associated with this survival response.
What is "fight or flight"?
This brain region is responsible for balance, coordination, and procedural learning.
The cerebellum
Name two psychoactive drug categories and their effects on neural activity.
Stimulants (increase neural activity) and depressants (decrease neural activity)
Disorders such as insomnia and sleep apnea fall under this broader category.
sleep disorders