Factors Influencing Perception
Is a way our brain makes sense of information by starting with the small details and then building up to a complete perception.
Bottom-up Processing
mental frameworks that help us organize and interpret information in the world around us.
Schemas
the perception of motion when there isn't any actual movement.
Apparent Movement
A mental image or best example of a category that aids in recognizing and categorizing objects or concepts.
Prototypes
the overarching mental ability that influences performance on various cognitive tasks.
What are the three stages of Memory
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
a basic level of processing that focuses on surface characteristics of information, such as the sound or appearance of words, without engaging with its meaning.
Shallow Encoding
involves conscious recall of facts and experiences.
Explicit Memory
type of memory retrieval that involves accessing information without the aid of cues (retrieve information from memory spontaneously.)
Recall
This beverage brand debuted in 1876; you can't spell it without spelling...
B _ _ _ E _ _ E R
Budweiser
"Huevos Verdes con Jamón"
Green Eggs and Ham
the process of focusing on a specific aspect of information while ignoring others.
Selective Attention
when our eyes move inward toward each other to focus on a close object.
Convergence
our ability to perceive an object as having the same shape, even when our angle of view or the distance from which we see the object changes.
Shape Constancy
The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing schemas.
Assimilation
the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through dedication and effort.
Growth Mindset
type of sensory memory that retains auditory information. It holds sounds for about 3-4 seconds, allowing the brain to process spoken language and other auditory stimuli.
Echoic Memory
techniques used to improve memory. They help in recalling information by associating it with simple cues like patterns, vivid images, or rhymes.
Mnemonics
type of explicit memory that involves the recall of general facts and knowledge about the world.
Semantic Memory
the phenomenon where memory retrieval is most effective when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
State-dependent Memory
This gasoline brand merged with Exxon in 1999; you can't spell it without spelling...
_ O _ I L
Mobil
"¡Cómo el Grinch Robó la Navidad!"
How the Grinch Stole Christmas
involves interpreting sensory information based on the larger context, prior knowledge, and expectations.
Top-down Processing
refers to the ability to distinguish an object from its surroundings
Figure Ground
a depth cue where parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance.
Linear Perspective
cognitive process that focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem by applying logical steps.
Convergent Thinking
numerical measure of an individual's cognitive abilities compared to others in their age group, typically assessed through standardized tests.
IQ (Intelligent Quotient)
type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual images. It captures a precise copy of a visual scene for a fraction of a second before it fades.
Iconic Memory
Links information to visual representations of familiar locations.
Allows for retracing the mental path through these locations to retrieve the associated information.
Method of Loci
This type of memory does not require conscious thought and is crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically.
Implicit Memories
when you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it.
Context-dependent memory
Toyota debuted this model in the US in 1983; you can't spell it without spelling...
C A _ R _
Camry
"El Gato Ensombrerado"
The Cat in the Hat
our ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment, like a crowded party, while tuning out other stimuli.
Cocktail Party Effect
It's influenced by our expectations, experiences, and context, shaping our perception by predisposing us to see what we expect to see.
Perceptual Set
a depth cue where objects that are clearer and more detailed are perceived as closer, while objects that are hazier or less clear seem farther away.
Relative Clarity
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that simplify decision-making by reducing the cognitive burden.
Heuristics
shows how well a test can forecast future outcomes or behaviors. It measures if test scores can predict future performance accurately.
Predictive Validity
describes memory as a three-part system that includes: Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory &
Long-term Memory.
Multi-Store Model
the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned tasks.
Automatic Processing
type of implicit memory that involves the recall of how to perform tasks or skills automatically.
Procedural Memory
The tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than those in the middle.
Serial Position Effect
The story follows Billy Peltzer, who receives Gizmo as a pet, who then spawns more of his kind that evolve into the titular imp-like monsters that wreak havoc on Billy's hometown during Christmas Eve. You can't spell it without:
G_e_m_ _ _s
Gremlins
"¡Horton Escucha a Quién!
Horton Hears a Who
an individual fails to notice an unexpected stimulus in their visual field when their attention is focused on something else.
Inattentional Blindness
It suggests that our brains are wired to see structure, pattern, and organization in the world, guiding how we interpret sensory information and experience perception. Hint: (Whole Objects)
Gestalt Psychology
occurs when one object overlaps another, leading us to perceive the overlapping object as closer.
Interposition
exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention.
Priming
the trend of average IQ scores increasing over generations. It suggests a rise in general intelligence due to environmental and cultural factors
Flynn Effect
form of short-term memory used for temporarily holding and manipulating information. Short-term and long-term memories combine.
Working Memory
proposes that the depth at which information is thought about affects how well it is remembered.
Levels of Processing Model
type of explicit memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences and specific events.
Episodic Memory
type of memory retrieval that involves identifying information when it is presented.
Recognition
Bronies know this plaything debuted in 1983; you can't spell it without spelling...
_ _
_ _ T _ _ _
_ O _ Y
My Little Pony
"Un Pez, Dos Peces, Pez Rojo, Pez Azul"
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish