Perception
What is the process by which sensory information is organized and interpreted by the brain?
Perception
What is a mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people?
Concept
What is the process of getting information into memory?
Encoding
Who developed the first widely used intelligence test in France?
Alfred Binet
What is the research method most commonly used to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
Experiment
The tendency to perceive an object as having a constant shape, size, or color despite changes in sensory input is called what?
Perceptual constancy
What problem-solving strategy involves trying every possible solution until one works?
Algorithm
What is the brief storage of sensory information called?
Sensory memory
What is the term for the ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which tends to decline with age?
Fluid intelligence
In an experiment, what variable is manipulated by the researcher?
Independent Variable
What is the term for when we fill in gaps in what we sense based on expectations or prior knowledge?
Top-down processing
Using a simple thinking strategy that allows quick judgments but can lead to errors describes what?
Heuristic
The phenomenon where we recall the first and last items in a list best is known as what?
Serial position effect
Howard Gardner’s theory proposes that intelligence is best described as consisting of multiple independent abilities. What is this theory called?
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
What type of study follows the same group of individuals over a long period to assess changes in cognitive abilities?
Longitudinal Study
What principle of Gestalt psychology states that we tend to group objects that are close together?
Proximity
When we only look for evidence that supports our preexisting beliefs, what bias are we showing?
Confirmation bias
What type of memory involves recalling specific facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare?
Explicit (declarative) memory
What statistical procedure is used to identify clusters of related abilities within a test?
Factor analysis
In research on memory or perception, when participants are unaware of which condition they are in, what type of procedure is being used?
Single-blind procedure
When we fail to notice something visible because our attention is directed elsewhere, it’s called what?
Inattentional or change blindness
Overestimating the likelihood of events based on how easily they come to mind is known as what heuristic?
Availability heuristic
When new information interferes with the recall of old information, what type of interference is occurring?
Retroactive interference
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it’s supposed to is known as what?
Validity
What term describes repeating a study to see if the results can be reproduced?
Replication