Growing Pains
This is the general term for substances that can harm a developing fetus.
What are teratogens?
According to Piaget, at this stage children begin to think abstractly.
What is formal operational?
These are the two smallest units in language. Describe each.
What is a phoneme (unit of sound) and morpheme (unit of meaning)?
This occurs when children express heightened fear when away from a caregiver or in the presence of a stranger.
What is separation anxiety?
This term for reinforcing behaviors that gradually become closer to the desired behavior.
What is shaping?
In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
This was the winner of the 2025 Grammy Award for Best New Artist.
Who is Chappell Roan?
Nature and Nurture, Continuity and Discontinuity, Stability and Change.
This kind of intelligence remains stable or increases with age.
What is crystallized intelligence?
In this stage of speech development, children use simple phrases (usually a noun and verb) to convey the main idea.
What is telegraphic speech?
This is the first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development.
What is trust vs. mistrust?
This is a term for belief that an individuals are unable to control their environment or change situations, leading to not acting.
What is learned helplessness?
This kind of reinforcement schedule produces the most resistant behavior to extinction.
What is variable ratio?
King Henry VIII had this many wives (not at the same time...)
What is 6?
A researcher wants to study the same group of people over time using this research method.
What is longitudinal?
A child believes that a tall, narrow glass holds more water than a short, wide glass, even when shown otherwise. What stage of development is this child in, and which cognitive skill has not yet developed?
This Noam Chomsky theory of language suggests that humans are born with an innate understanding of language that allows easy acquisition.
What is universal grammar?
See teacher for validation.
Imaginary audience and personal fable.
This is the term for learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until a reward is presented.
What is latent learning?
This kind of schedule of reinforcement is used when a paycheck is given every two weeks.
What is Fixed-Interval?
The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Kansas City Chiefs on February 9, 2025 in this Super Bowl (what number)?
What is SB LIX/59?
This is the reflex where an infant turns its head when its cheek is touched, helping babies direct toward feeding.
What is the rooting reflex?
Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of social learning and language. If a teacher provided scaffolding by offering guided support on a challenging task, Vygotsky would argue that the students would be able to reach this space.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
Describe the difference between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia
Broca’s aphasia: difficulty with speech production but comprehension intact. Wernicke’s aphasia: fluent speech but meaningless, poor comprehension.
A college student is struggling with forming close friendships and romantic relationships. According to Erikson, what stage are they in, and what might happen if they fail to navigate it successfully?
Intimacy vs. isolation; failure may lead to loneliness and difficulty forming deep relationships.
This type of learning involves a sudden realization rather than gradual reinforcement or association.
What is insight?
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive adds a stimulus, negative removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior
This newly created governmental department is led by Elon Musk and has been tasked with cutting government spending.
What is DOGE (Department of Government Efficiency)?
The visual cliff experiment was conducted to help study this in infants.
Compare Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s views on cognitive development in terms of how children acquire knowledge.
See teacher for validation.
Piaget emphasized independent discovery through stages, while Vygotsky focused on social interaction and cultural influences.
A toddler says "goed" instead of "went" and "mouses" instead of "mice." What language acquisition phenomenon is occurring?
What is overgeneralization?
Compare the long-term effects of authoritative and authoritarian parenting on child development.
Authoritative: high self-esteem, social competence; authoritarian: obedience but lower self-esteem, social anxiety.
These are mental understandings of an environment, which help humans orient themselves and navigate their way through the world.
What are cognitive maps?
A teacher used to reward students with stickers for good behavior, but after stopping this practice, students no longer care about following the rules. Later, when she randomly starts giving stickers again, students suddenly become eager to follow the rules once more. What two classical conditioning concepts explain this change?
See teacher for validation (and maybe stickers).
The John Denver song, "Take Me Home, Country Roads" has been featured in film and commercials. Fill in the two lines of missing lyrics.
"Country roads, take me home
___ ___ ____ ___ ______
____ _____, _____ ______
Take me home, country roads"
What is
"To the place I belong
West Virginia, mountain mama"