Group Dynamics
The process by which individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behavior to align with those of a group, as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
Conformity
The belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate, rather than one's own actions.
External Locus Control
A generalized belief about a particular category of people, often oversimplified and not based on direct experience.
Stereotype
The process of influencing others’ attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors through communication, often involving appeals to reason, emotions, or authority.
Persuasion
nnate, fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli, driving them to act in predictable ways.
Instincts
behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits.
Incentive Theory
Is a feeling that involves our thoughts, body reactions, and actions, and is influenced by what happens inside us and around us.
Emotion
Suggests that personality is shaped by unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and defense mechanisms, originally developed by Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamic Theory
emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of each individual, particularly focusing on self-growth and unconditional positive regard as essential for achieving personal potential.
Humanistic Psychology
Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group, influencing how individuals act and interact.
Social Norms
The tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors, enhancing one's self-esteem.
Self-Serving Bias
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members.
Prejudice
A beauty brand hires an extremely attractive model to promote their new line of skincare products. The model's striking appearance leads consumers to assume that the skincare products must be effective and high-quality
Halo Effect
behavior is motivated by the need to reduce internal drives caused by physiological deficits, such as hunger or thirst, aiming to restore homeostasis.
Drive-Reduction Theory
Occurs when an individual must choose between two undesirable options, leading to a conflict of which negative outcome to avoid.
Avoidance-Avoidance Theory
stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual.
Elicitors
Consists of processes and memories that are beyond conscious awareness and significantly influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Unconscious Mind
suggest that personality is made up of stable characteristics, called traits, that consistently influence how a person thinks and behaves.
Trait Theories
The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
Bystander Effect
The selfless concern for the well-being of others, leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost.
Altruism
A tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
Confirmation Bias
A persuasive strategy where agreement to a small, initial request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger, subsequent request.
Foot-in-the-door technique
the innate human desire to form and sustain close, meaningful relationships, which significantly drives behavior and affects emotional health.
Belongingness
Proposes that one's motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences.
Sensation-Seeking Theory
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder.
Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
contains thoughts and feelings that are not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed when needed.
Preconscious Mind
theory that emphasizes the influence of cognitive processes, behaviors, and context in understanding personality and human actions.
Social Cognitive Theory
When people in a group talk about an idea, they often end up agreeing even more strongly with each other, making their group opinion more extreme.
Group Polarization
The societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance, without regard to future exchanges.
Social Responsibility Norm
Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person's behavior and perceptions without their awareness.
Implicit Attitudes
Psychologists who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace to improve productivity, select and promote employees
Industrial Organizational Psychologists
individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness, seeking to increase alertness when it is too low and decrease it when it is too high
Arousal Theory
Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Emotions such as anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, and fear are often considered _______ emotions.
Universal Emotions
Unconscious strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and perceived threats.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism—that describe the main traits of human personality.
Big Five Theory
A psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality in group settings, often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior.
Deindividuation
Explains how people decide whether someone’s behavior is caused by their personality or their situation.
Attribution Theory
When a belief about a situation or a person leads to actions that make the belief come true.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
A method of persuasion that involves deeply engaging with the content of a message, leading to careful analysis and thoughtful consideration, typically resulting in more durable attitude change.
Central Route of Persuasion
Refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards such as personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of achievement.
Intrinsic Motivation
Refers to the tendency to seek out social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions.
Disinhibition
Positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger. Negative emotions do the opposite, making us think narrowly and act less.
Broaden-and-build Theory of Emotion
an ego defense mechanism where negative urges and impulses are channeled into socially acceptable or constructive activities.
Sublimation
An individual is accepted and loved as they are, without any conditions or judgments, fostering personal growth and self-acceptance.
Unconditional Regard