Treatment of Disorders
CBT stands for ________. Its strategies include:
Cognitive Behavior Therapy; cognitive reappraisal, replacing maladaptive and irrational thoughts with adaptive and rational thoughts; activating positive and constructive patterns of behaviors.
What are the similarities and differences between Bipolar I and Bipolar II
- Bipolar I is more severe.
- Bipolar II is less extreme and therefore often goes undiagnosed.
- In Bipolar I the mania phase features psychotic symptoms, while this is not the case in Bipolar II.
- They both feature cycles of extreme swings in mood from depressive symptoms (low mood, withdrawn, tiredness, despair, lack of emotion) to manic symptoms (elation, excitement, restlessness, euphoria, hyperactivity).
Susto, Kaijin Kyofusho, Ataque de Nervios, and Shenjing Shuairo, are all examples of ____________ that are not found everywhere in the world.
Culture-Bound Disorders
Describe and/or diagram the 'Broaden and Build' Theory of positive psychology:
This theory suggests positive emotions broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions.
Positive Emotion ^ Novel Thoughts and Activities ^ Building Social Support, Skills, and Knowledge ^Transform (health, survival, longevity, fulfillment)
What are two different kinds of exposure therapy?
VRET - Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Systematic Desensitization
Narrative Exposure Therapy
Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Two common Feeding and Eating Disorders include ___________ (marked by avoiding food intake and sometimes excessive exercise) and ____________ (cycles of food binging and purging with vomiting or laxatives).
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
The two most well-established texts for classifying and diagnosing disorders are the __________ (published by the American Psychological Association) and the ________ (published by the World Health Organization).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)
What are the two ways of coping with stress? Describe each briefly:
Problem-Focused Coping: Addressing the stressor head-on; dealing with the problem; confronting the stressor
Emotion-Focused Coping: Adaptive (tend and befriend, meditation, exercise, etc.); Mal-Adaptive (overeating, drinking alcohol, taking drugs, etc.)
What are three types of surgical/invasive biological treatments for disorders? Describe each briefly:
Lobotomy/Lesioning - removing brain tissue or regions thought to be responsible for dysfunction.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - using electrical currents on targeted brain regions.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) - implanting of electrodes that send signals to targeted areas of the brain.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): Repeated pulses of magnetic energy to stimulate particular brain regions.
What are three kinds of disorders in the anxiety disorder category?
- GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)
- Panic Disorder
- Phobia Disorder
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
- Phobias
- Panic Disorder
The three D's for classifying a disorder are:
Deviance: from normal behavior
Dysfunctional: (Disruptive) to everyday, normal functioning
Distressing/maladaptive: causing significant emotional, psychological, physical distress for the person and those close to them.
What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? What are its three phases?
Phase 1: Alarm Reaction (mobilize resources)
Phase 2: Resistance (physiologically coping with stressor).
Phase 3: Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
What are 4 categories of psychoactive medications? Which disorders do they treat?
Antipsychotics (ex: thorazine) used to calm hallucinations and delusions of schizophrenia and psychosis.
Antidepressants (ex: zoloft) used to improve the mood of people suffering from depression/OCD/PTSD/Anxiety.
Anti-anxiety (ex: valium) used to depress the central nervous systems of people suffering with anxiety.
Mood stabilizer (ex: lithium) levels out the extreme emotional highs and lows of Bipolar Disorder.
What are 4 diagnostic criteria of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
- Hypervigilance
- Sleep disturbances (nightmares and/or insomnia)
- Irritability
- Traumatic Stressor (firshand)
- Intrusive Thoughts / Flashbacks
- Avoidance of Stimuli Related to Stressor
- Hostility
What is the diathesis-stress model of disorders? How is it related to epigenetics?
Genetic vulnerabilities and predispositions to disorders can be activated by environmental stressors. Specific genes can be "turned on" by environmental influences (epigenetics).
What are the "6 Virtues" of positive psychology
Wisdom & Knowledge
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance
Transcendence
What does SSRI stand for? How do they function?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
They block the reabsorption/reuptake of serotonin (neurotransmitter related to mood and arousal) back into the presynaptic neuron (therefore there is more serotonin flowing through the synapses which can improve mood).
How are personality disorders categorized? Give one example (with an explanation of the disorder) for each category:
Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric
Schizoid Personality Disorder (aloof, detached, alone, but generally functioning)
Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
Borderline Personality Disorder (emotional instability, fear of abandonment, self-injuring, chronic feelings of emptiness)
Cluster C: Anxious/Fearful
Avoidant Personality Disorder (extreme shyness, fear of rejection, hypersensitivity, feelings of inferiority, avoids social contact)
What is the Biopsychosocial Model for disorders? How is it related to reciprocal determinism?
The idea that biological factors (genes, brain function, hormones, etc.) interact with psychological factors (schemas, cognitive biases, maladaptive thinking, etc.) and environmental/social factors (home, family, school, society, culture) to influence the development of disorders. Reciprocal determinism explains how three or more factors interpenetrate to make a particular behavior (ex: aggression) more likely.
What are 5 possible negative health outcomes of long-term stress?
Premature ageing (shortened telomeres)
Hair loss
Negative impact on cardiovascular health
Digestive problems (ulcers, iBS)
Suppression of immune system function. (EX: suppressed function of B lymphocytes, which release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; suppressed function of T lymphocytes, which attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances; suppressed function of macrophage cells (“big eaters”), which identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells; and suppressed function of natural killer cells (NK cells), which attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).