Module 26
In classical conditioning, this is the term for an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Which psychologist developed the "law of effect," a principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely?
Edward L. Thorndike (1874 - 1949)
This is the term used to describe a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.
Biofeedback
What is the term used to describe the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns?
Instinctive Drift
This is the term used to describe the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Modeling
In classical conditioning, this is the term used to describe the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
Acquisition
In operant conditioning, what is the term used to describe any event that strengthens the behavior it follows?
Reinforcement
Learning associations between events we do not control is the basic idea behind what type of conditioning?
Classical Conditioning
Which psychologist's research demonstrated that conditioning is more likely to occur to a biologically significant stimulus?
John Garcia
Mirror Neurons
When an unconditioned stimulus no longer followed the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response becomes weakened, this is called _______________.
Extinction
Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?
A. John stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him when he does.
B. Brian studies hard because it earns him "A" grades in math.
C. Lillian used to walk to school but does not do so anymore because she was attacked by a dog last month.
D. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so.
E. Oswald wears his seatbelt because his driving teacher cited accident statistics in class.
D. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so.
Learning associations between our behavior and its consequences is the basic idea behind what type of conditioning?
Operant Conditioning
This type of learning does not become apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Latent Learning
Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which type of learning?
Observational Learning
A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. What concept is the cat demonstrating?
Discrimination
In operant conditioning, home bakers checking the oven to see if the cookies are done are on operating on which type of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Superstitious behavior can be produced by
A. placing a conditioned response before a conditioned stimulus
B. the accidental timing of rewards
C. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items
D. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others
E. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval
B. the accidental timing of rewards
When parents offer good-grade rewards to children who already enjoy studying, they may find that the children no longer enjoy studying and only enjoy the rewards. Which type of motivation may the parents have accidentally removed from their children?
Intrinsic Motivation
In observational learning, what type of effects explain why abusive parents might have aggressive children?
Antisocial Effects
Students in a school are accustomed to moving to the next class when music plays. After a period of time, the principal replaces the music with a bell to signal the end of class. If one day he plays the music by mistake and the students leave class, what phenomenon is being shown?
Spontaneous Recovery
All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a
A. rat's food reward in a Skinner box
B. cold drink on a hot day
C. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
D. hug from a loved one
E. large meal following an extended time without food
C. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently
Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner?
A. Do not allow them to watch television for a week for each day they do not eat dinner.
B. Give the children a small reward at the end of a week in which they have eaten dinner each night.
C. Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner.
D. Require that the children do extra chores if they do not finish dinner.
E. Allow the children to have dessert, even if they do not eat their dinner, in the hopes that they will eat dinner the next day.
C. Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner.
What is the term for the perception that we control our own fate?
Internal Locus of Control
When is prosocial modeling most effective?
A. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson
B. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses
C. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct
D. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model
E. When the model is well-known
A. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson