Module 31
What is the name for a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in a fill-in-the-blank test?
Recall
What is the term used to describe an explicit conscious memory of facts and general knowledge?
Semantic Memory
This type of amnesia results in an inability to form new memories.
Anterograde amnesia
What is the term used to describe the narrowing of available problem solutions to determine the single best solution?
Convergent thinking
In language, this is the term for the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Phoneme
What is the name for a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test?
Recognition
What is the term used to describe an explicit conscious memory of personally experienced events?
Episodic Memory
This type of amnesia results in an inability to retrieve information from one's past.
Retrograde amnesia
When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case, a robin is people's _____________ for a bird.
Prototype
How many morphemes are in the following word?: "Readers"
3 Morphemes
"Read," "er," and "s"
Working Memory
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
The Amygdala
Suzanne gets a new phone number. Each time she tries to give someone the new number, she gives her old one instead. The fact that her old number is causing difficulty in her remembering of the new one is an example of what?
Proactive interference
After seeing a news story about kidnapping, we are more afraid of kidnapping, even though it is a very rare occurrence. What is the term for this phenomenon?
Availability Heuristic
Which of the following best represents something that might be said by a child in the telegraphic speech phase?
A. "Mama"
B. "Toy please"
C. "The cat is mean"
D. "Daddy leave"
E. "I love you mommy"
D. "Daddy leave"
Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?
A. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life.
B. Practicing the words for a single extended period.
C. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions.
D. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear.
E. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words.
A. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life.
What is the term used to describe our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list?
Nick has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Nick's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Nick has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?
Encoding failure
Jon believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Which phenomenon is Jon being affected by?
Confirmation Bias
Which part of the brain, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words?
Broca's area
At which of Atkinson and Shiffrin's three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
Sensory Memory
What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?
A. Frontal lobes and basal ganglia
B. Amygdala and hippocampus
C. Amygdala and cerebellum
D. Cerebellum and basal ganglia
E. Frontal lobes and hippocampus
D. Cerebellum and basal ganglia
What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?
A. A slow, steady decrease as time goes on
B. A rapid initial decline followed by a leveling off
C. Rate of forgetting does not change as time goes on
D. A slow initial decline followed by a rapid loss after several years
E. Rate of forgetting varies according to the emotional state of the learner
B. A rapid initial decline followed by a leveling off
Many people prefer meat that is 80% lean instead of 20% fat, even though they are the same thing. Which concept is illustrated by this example?
Framing
To say that "words are the mother of ideas" assumes the truth of what concept?
Linguistic Determination