Show:
Psychologists to Know
Models of Memory/Types of Memory
Forgetting
Thinking and Creativity
Language
100
What three psychological discoveries is Hermann Ebbinghaus famous for?
Answer: Ebbinghaus is famous for his forgetting curve, which was devised by memorizing nonsense syllables and testing himself on them. Also based off of these nonsense syllables is the spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice Additionally, he is known for the serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
100
What is the capacity of short term memory?
The capacity is 5-9 items at one time.
100
Define source amnesia.
Answer: Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
100
Name the five components of creativity.
1.) Expertise 2.) Imaginative thinking skills 3.) A venturesome personality 4.) Intrinsic motivation 5.) A creative environment
100
What occurs in the critical period of language development?
In the critical period, language development (speaking and learning) flourishes.
200
Name the psychologist: This man flashed a grid of 9 letters (three rows and three columns) to participants, for 1/20th of a second. He then directed participants to recall either the top, middle, or bottom row (indicated by a tone). Participants rarely missed a letter, showing that all nine letters were momentarily available for recall. This revealed that humans have iconic memory.
Answer: George Sperling
200
What are the three stages of the Information-Processing (Atkinson-Shiffring) Model?
1) Sensory Memory 2) Short-Term Memory 3) Long-Term Memory
200
Lily studied psychology at 3:00 and sociology at 6:00. She later had difficulty remembering the psychology information. Which type of interference is this an example of?
Retroactive interference
200
What is the difference between algorithms and heuristics?
Algorithm: a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. (Rule set in stone) Heuristic: a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. (Rule of thumb)
200
What is the difference between grammar, semantics, and syntax?
Grammar: In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others. Semantics: The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning Syntax: The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
300
Explain Wolfgang Köhler's experiment.
Köhler attached a banana on a long stick and placed it outside of a monkey's reach. He then put a short stick inside of the monkey's reach. After several attempts to get the long stick, Köhler observed that the monkey experienced an "ah-ha moment" when it realized that it could use the short stick to reach the long stick and eventually retrieve the piece of fruit.
300
Name and describe the three types of encoding. Which is the best?
Visual Encoding: The encoding of picture images Acoustic Encoding: The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words Semantic Encoding: The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
300
What does Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve show?
Answer: In the first days, memory loss is largest, and later forgetting is still evident but the forgetting rate is much, much slower.
300
Bobby only searches for information which supports his idea, and ignores contradictory evidence. He is experiencing...
Answer: Confirmation bias
300
Name the stages of language development?
1) Babbling (4 months) 2) One-word stage (1-2 years) 3) Two-word stage (beginning at age 2) 4) Telegraphic speech (with two-word stage) After children move out of the two-word stage, their language moves rapidly into complete sentences
400
Explain Elizabeth Loftus's Findings.
Answer: By experimentally implanting false memories of false childhood traumas into participants' heads, Loftus found that many participants became wrongly convinced about experiencing awful experiences. She called these false recollections "false memories." Loftus also conducted an experiment where she showed a video of a traffic accident and then inquired about the content (Ex: "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" vs. "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?"). She found that memory could be distorted by given incorrect information. This is called "misinformation effect."
400
The updated model of the Information Processing (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory accommodates which two new concepts?
Answer: 1) Some information is processed directly into the long-term memory without our conscious awareness 2) Working Memory: A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
400
Susan was in a bad car accident. She can recall the events before the incident, but cannot seem to remember events that have taken place afterwards. Which type of amnesia is this an example of?
Anterograde Amnesia
400
Describe the difference between these two examples of fixation: Mental Set and Functional Fixedness.
Answer: Mental Set: a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Functional Fixedness: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
400
"pre" is an example of
A morpheme
500
Which Psychologist/Linguist is best known in psychology for his linguistic determinism hypothesis? For each remaining psychologist, describe their contribution to Language Development. A) Noam Chomsky B) Benjamin Lee Whorf C) B. F. Skinner
Answer: B) Benjamin Lee Whorf Noam Chomsky: Believes each human is born with a Language Acquisition Device: the ability to learn a language rapidly as children as long as they are exposed to that language during childhood. B. F. Skinner: Believes that language development can be explained using learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement. Therefore, babies learn to talk just like animals learn to press bars.
500
Explain what explicit and implicit memories are and identify where they are processed in the brain.
Explicit Memories: Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (also called declarative memory). Processed in the hippocampus Implicit Memories: Retention independent of conscious recollection. (also called nondeclarative or procedural memory). Processed by other brain areas, including the cerebellum
500
Name the seven sins of forgetting:
1) absent-mindedness 2) transience 3) blocking 4) misattribution 5) suggestibility 6) bias 7) persistence
500
Name five of the perils of intuition:
Answer: (Could be any) 1) hindsight bias 2) illusory correlation 3) memory construction 4) representativeness and availability heuristics 5) overconfidence 6) belief perseverance and confirmation bias 7) framing 8) interviewer illusion 9) mispredicting out own feelings 10) self-serving bias 11) fundamental attribution error 12) mispredicting our own behavior
500
What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
Phoneme: in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. Morpheme: in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word.