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Exploring Data
Relationships Between Variables
Gathering Data
Randomness & Probability
Probability Models
100

This measure of center is more resistant to outliers than the mean.

What is the median?

100
observed y - predicted y
What is the residual?
100

This phrase is used to describe an observed effect so different from measurements of random samples that it is not likely due to sampling variability.

What is statistically significant?

100

This is the set of all possible simple outcomes- the event for which the probability is 1. 

What is the sample space?

200
To calculate, subtract the mean of the distribution from the observed x, then divide by the standard deviation.
What is the z-score (or standardized value)?
200
Measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables.
What is correlation (or r)?
200

Give 3 different types of bias that can occur when conducting a sample survey. 

response bias, voluntary response bias, nonresponse bias, undercoverage 

200
Given an event A, this is the rest of the sample space- what must happen if an outcome from A is not observed. 

What is the compliment of A? 

200

This is a bell-shaped continuous probability distribution. 

What is the Normal Probability Distribution (Model)? 
300
This rule helps to determine if data is normally distributed by checking the number of observations within one, two, and three standard deviations from the mean.
What is the 68-95-99.7 rule?
300

This is the correct interpretation of r2 the coefficient of variation.

What is the percent of variation of the response variable accounted for by a linear relationship with the explanatory variable? 
300

In this type of experiment, neither the subject nor the examiner know which treatment group the subject is in.

What is double blind?

300

Events for which P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B), since P(A and B) = 0. 

What are disjoint events (or mutually exclusive events)?

300

Representing the first Bernoulli trial in which a success is observed, this distribution gets its name from the type of series that its values form- they decrease by a common ratio as the value of the argument increases. 

What is the geometric distribution? 
400
The standard deviation of 16 measurements of people's weights (in pounds) is computed to be 5.4. The variance of these measurements is...
What is 29.16
400

This line always crosses through the means of the explanatory and response variables.

What is the least squares regression line

400

These are the basic principles of experimental design. When adequately incorporated into an experiment, causal relationships can be established. 

What are control, randomization, replication, and blocking?

400

This describes two events that have no effect on the likelihood of each other. 

What are independent events? 

400

This is a random variable which gives the number of successes in a fixed number of Bernoulli trials.

What is a binomial random variable?

500
A consumer group surveyed the prices for a certain item in 5 different stores and reported the average price as $15. We visited 4 of the 5 stores and found the prices to be $10, $15, $15, and $25. Assuming the consumer group is correct, what is the price of the item at the store we didn't visit?
What is $10
500
Researchers studied a sample of 100 adults and found a strong negative correlation between the amount of vitamin c consumed and the number of pounds an individual was overweight. What can we conclude from this data?
If the amount of vitamin c consumed and the number of pounds overweight for each individual in this study were plotted on a scatterplot, the points would lie close to a negatively sloping straight line
500

Suppose a cosmetics manufacturer wants to determine a new compound is effective in restoring hair sheen in people with oily and normal hair. The manufacturer has 30 volunteers. Describe an experiment the cosmetics manufacturer should conduct. 

What is "Block subjects into two blocks by hair type, so that block 1 is oily hair and block two is normal hair. Within each block, randomly assign half of the volunteers to a treatment group with a shampoo with the new compound, and the remainder to a treatment group without the new compound. Then compare the sheen within each block. To incorporate blindness, neither the subject nor the examiner should now if the subject received the shampoo with the new compound."? 

500

This is the formula for the probability of B, given that A is also observed. 

What is P(B|A) = P(A and B) / P(B)? 

500

This is a property of Bernoulli trials, along with binary outcomes and a constant probability of success. 

What are independent trials?