Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
Name the four macromolecules and their monomer.
carbohydrate = monosaccharide
lipid = no monomer
protein = amino acid
nucleic acid = nucleotide
smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio
Draw an enzyme and substrate.
EXPLAIN what happens to an enzyme in too hot of a temperature.
draw enzyme substrate
enzyme denatures = active site changes shape
Draw and label the 3 main components of a chloroplast. Label where light dependent and light independent will take place.
draw & label stroma, granum, thylakoid
light dependent in thylakoid
light independent in stroma
If a red blood cell is placed in saltwater, what moves and in which direction?
water will move from the red blood cell into the saltwater
*salt does NOT move
Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
Dehydration synthesis = water is a product when two monomers are joined together
Hydrolysis = water is a reactant to break polymers into smaller pieces
How do the following organelles work together to aid in protein synthesis?
nucleus, ribosome, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, plasma membrane
nucleolus (inside nucleus) makes ribosomes
ribosome makes proteins on rough ER and in cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus packages proteins and packs them into vesicles which go to fuse with the plasma membrane for protein products to leave cell
What type of transport moves protons into intermembrane space of mitochondria during ETC of cellular respiration?
active transport
What begins the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
What is the final electron acceptor and what is created when the electrons bind with it?
oxygen
water
It's very important for you to understand when to use a bar graph and when it's necessary to create a line graph.
An experiment that measures memory of bees that are given caffeine or water would be which type of graph?
An experiment that measures the percent change in mass of potatoes over the span of 60 minutes would be which type of graph?
memory vs. treatment groups = bar graph
% change in mass vs time = line graph
Name and describe the four structures of proteins.
primary = amino acids bonded with peptide bonds
secondary = local folding of amino acid chains into alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets
tertiary = 3-D shape of protein of alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets folding tighter due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
quaternary = alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets combine to form functioning protein structure
Draw a small representation of the phospholipid bilayer with 6 phospholipids. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
What is one example of a molecule that can easily move through the membrane? What is one example of a molecule that cannot easily move through the membrane?
Draw & Label correctly
small nonpolar molecules: N2, O2, CO2
large polar molecules and ions cannot (need protein channels)
What is the purpose of photosystem I & II? Which one comes first? Where are they located?
absorb wavelengths of light to excite electrons in electron transport chain
PSII then PSI
located in thylakoid membrane
List the products and reactants in the light dependent reactions.
reactants in light dependent: light, water, ADP, NADP+
products in light dependent: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
Explain the following experimental terms:
control group
independent variable
dependent variable
constants
control group = lacks independent variable
independent variable = what is changed
dependent variable = what is measured
constants = stay the same
What gives water its unique properties? (oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, ionic compound, hydrogen bonds, being nonpolar)
Name and describe 3 properties of water.
Hydrogen Bonds
Cohesion - water bonding to other water molecules
Adhesion - water bonding to other substances
High Specific Heat - water's ability to resist changes in temperature when it absorbs/releases heat
Evaporative Cooling - when water evaporates, the surface is left cooler
Density of Water - water expands when becomes a solid instead of contracting, forming a crystalline pattern
Verstile Solvent - ionic and other polar molecules are water soluble
Identify and explain the three types of passive transport.
Identify and describe the two main types of active transport.
Which type of transport uses energy to push molecules against concentration gradient?
Passive: simple diffusion (molecules move), facilitated diffusion (using membrane proteins), osmosis (water)
Active: exocytosis (moving molecules out of cell), endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) (moving molecules into cell)
Active transport
Describe the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
competitive inhibitor = inhibitor binds to active site and blocks substrate from binding so no reaction
noncompetitive inhibitor = inhibitor binds to allosteric site and the active site changes shape which keeps the substrate from binding so no reaction
List the products and reactants in the light independent.
reactants in light independent: ATP, NADPH, CO2
products in light independent: ADP, NADP+, Sugar
What is the name of the chemical that causes a plant to grow towards light?
auxin
Give the chemical formula for the following functional groups of organic molecules:
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
Hydroxyl = OH
Carboxyl = COOH
Amino = NH2
Phosphate = PO4
What is the equation for water potential?
What is the equation for solute potential?
water potential = pressure potential + solute potential
solute potential = -iCRT
i - ionization constant, C = molar concentration, R = pressure constant (0.0831), T = temperature in Kelvin (Celsius + 273)
Draw a graph showing energy as the Y axis and reaction progress on the X axis. Draw two lines. Label one line the reaction with an enzyme and the other the reaction without an enzyme. Label products & reactants on the line graph.
Draw correct graph
Explain the basic process in each step of cellular respiration.
glycolysis = glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules
Krebs = pyruvate to NADH, FADH2, ATP, CO2
Oxidative phosphorylation = ETC & ATP Synthase (ETC = proton gradient created & chemisomosis = atp synthase used to produce ATP)
What is special about CAM plants that distinguishes them from C3 and C4 plants when it comes to photorespiration?
CAM plants open their stomata at night to allow CO2 in when it's not as hot so that they don't lose much water. They wait to complete photosynthesis until daylight and store the CO2 until then.