Foundations of Democracy
The inclusion of this in the Constitution was a key concession to the Anti-Federalists to address their concerns about individual liberties
What is the Bill of Rights?
This type of presidential power allows the president to manage the federal government and is implied by their vested executive power
What is an executive order?
The Supreme Court case Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) addressed the conflict between compulsory education and this First Amendment right of the Amish community
What is free exercise of religion?
This term describes the core beliefs of a nation about how political and economic life ought to be carried out
What is political culture?
This is the belief that an individual's participation in the political process is insignificant and doesn't matter
What is voter alienation?
This philosophical concept suggests that people give up some freedoms to the government in exchange for protection and social order
What is the social contract?
This Supreme Court case established the principle that federal law is supreme to state law when the two conflict
What is McCulloch v. Maryland?
The Supreme Court case Engel v. Vitale (1962) dealt with the constitutionality of this in public schools
What is school-sponsored prayer?
Family, schools, and peers are examples of these, which contribute to the development of political attitudes
What are agents of socialization?
This type of primary election allows voters to participate regardless of their registered party affiliation
What is an open primary?
The debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists centered on this key principle of American government, with Anti-Federalists favoring stronger state powers
What is federalism?
This tactic can be used in the Senate to prevent legislation from moving forward and requires a three-fifths vote to end
What is a filibuster (and cloture)?
This Supreme Court test, stemming from Schenck v. United States, was used to determine when speech could be restricted due to the danger it presented
What is the "clear and present danger" test?
This ideology generally favors a free market and less government intervention in the economy
What is conservative ideology?
This Supreme Court case ruled that political spending by corporations is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment, leading to the rise of Super PACs
What is Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission?
According to Federalist No. 51, this is the primary control on the government, though auxiliary precautions are necessary
What are checks and balances?
Congressional oversight of the bureaucracy is often conducted through these events, bringing investigation and transparency into how laws are enforced
What are committee hearings?
The ruling in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) established a "heavy presumption against" this government action regarding the press
What is prior restraint?
Differences in opinion on issues like social welfare spending often fall along these lines in public opinion
What are gender lines (or racial lines)?
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as this, aimed to make it easier for people to register to vote
What is the Motor Voter Act?
The Anti-Federalist paper Brutus No. 1 argued that a republic of this geographic size could not long subsist as a free government
What is a large (or extensive) territory?
Unlike the House Rules Committee, this process is typically required to bring a bill to the Senate floor for debate
What is unanimous consent?
This Supreme Court case affirmed an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment
What is McDonald v. City of Chicago?
The tendency of individuals to tell pollsters what they think the pollsters want to hear rather than what they truly believe is known as this
What is social desirability bias?
Interest groups often submit this type of brief to the Supreme Court to provide additional information for justices to consider
What is an amicus curiae brief?