Bill of Rights & First Amendment
These are the two elements of protection of religious freedom contained in the First Amendment.
Establishment clause
Free exercise clause
These were two federal laws enacted in the 1900s that established restrictions on individual gun ownership.
BONUS: Explain how each law restricted gun rights.
National Firearms Act (1934)
Gun Control Act (1968)
Brady Act (1993)
Through this process, the Bill of Rights was applied to the state governments
BONUS: Which clause of which amendment was this principle based upon?
Selective incorporation
This was the strategy the NAACP and other civil rights organizations used to challenge laws that disenfranchised Black Americans leading up to the 1960s.
BONUS: Why was this strategy chosen instead of an alternative?
Lawsuits - challenging the legality of grandfather clauses, residential segregation, white primaries, and state policies that segregated public schools
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)
These are TWO types of symbolic speech that the Supreme Court has affirmed are protected by the First Amendment
BONUS: What limitations did the court uphold on student speech?
Flag burning
Student protest in non-disruptive manner (armbands)
These were the TWO Supreme Court cases that shot down restrictions on the Second Amendment.
BONUS: How did each ruling expand gun rights?
D.C. v. Heller (2008)
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
These are the two types of due process, and their definitions.
Procedural: pertaining to the way in which a law is carried out/enforced
Substantive: pertaining to the essence, point, or letter of a law
These TWO pieces of legislation in 1963 and 1964 were instrumental in securing protection for women's rights in the workplace.
BONUS: What other major accomplishment toward securing civil rights was made with the 1964 law?
Equal Pay Act (1963)
Civil Rights Act (1964)
D.C. v. Heller (2008)
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
To pass the "Lemon Test," legislation must comply with these THREE criteria:
Secular purpose that neither endorses nor disapproves of religion
Neither advance nor prohibit religion
Avoid entangling the relationship between religion and government
These are THREE instances in which a search may be performed without a warrant.
BONUS: What must the government or law enforcement demonstrate in order to obtain a warrant?
Plain View
Reasonable suspicion (schools)
Limitless searches (airports, border crossings)
Public Safety
Consent
These were THREE cases pertaining to due process rights under the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments
BONUS: Explain what happened in these cases.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) [4th]
New Jersey v. TLO (1985) [4th]
Rasul v. Bush (2004); Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) and Hamdam v. Rumsfeld (2006) [4th]
Riley v. California (2014) [4th]
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) [5th]
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [6th]
These were THREE Supreme Court cases that increased protection against discrimination for LGBTQ+ Americans
BONUS: What did each ruling establish?
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)
These are THREE cases pertaining to the Due Process rights of individuals.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
In the 1960s and 1970s, these were FOUR cases that expanded protection of speech and press.
BONUS: Describe the outcome of each case.
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Miller v. California (1973)
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
New York Times v. U.S. (1971)
These were FOUR of the impacts of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on individual liberties.
Passage of the USA PATRIOT ACT, which led to the NSA and the PRISM program
Federal government gaining access to cell phone metadata (later overturned)
Detention and torture of suspected terrorists in Guantanamo Bay
Increased expansion and scrutiny of state surveillance powers
Explain the rulings in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Dobbs v. Jackson (2022). Which constitutional right was involved, and what does the recent ruling signal about the direction of the current court?
Roe - Right to an abortion was asserted based on right to privacy established by Griswold v. CT (1965), therefore, states could not ban procedures
Dobbs - Roe was made in error; Constitution doesn't protect right to an abortion, therefore, states can enact bans and restrictions
Justice Clarence Thomas asserted that 4th Amendment doesn't protect substantive due process; other rulings including Griswold, Lawrence and Obergefell may be reexamined
These were FOUR events in the early 1960s that motivated Congress and President Johnson to enact the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
These are the TWO rulings that first dismantled affirmative action quotas, then outlawed the consideration of race in higher education admissions processes. (Non-required cases)
University of California v. Bakke (1978)
SFFA v. UNC/Harvard (2023)