Native Americans & European Encounters
What major factor caused massive population decline among Native Americans after 1492?
Diseases (especially smallpox) brought by Europeans
What document established self-government in Plymouth in 1620?
What 1765 law sparked the first widespread colonial protest against taxation?
Stamp Act
What event tested the new federal government’s authority under Washington?
The Whiskey Rebellion
Rewarding political supporters with government jobs
Spoils System
What invention revolutionized cotton production?
Cotton Gin
What was one cause of the Mexican-American War?
Annexation of Texas
What compromise maintained the balance of free and slave states in 1820?
Missouri Compromise
Who was president of the Confederacy?
Jefferson Davis
Spread of crops, animals, and diseases between hemispheres
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
What crop transformed Native American societies in the Southwest?
Maize (corn)
What colony was founded by indentured servants and men?
Jamestown Colony
What event on March 5, 1770, fueled anti-British propaganda?
Boston Massacre
What political parties emerged under Washington’s presidency?
Federalists & Democratic-Republicans
Who supported Jackson?
The “common man”/Democratic Party
What city’s textile mills employed young women?
Lowell, MA
What treaty ended the Mexican-American War?
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
What novel inflamed Northern opposition to slavery?
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Name one major advantage of the Confederate army.
Strong military leadership, military history, defending home soil, motivation to fight
What issue united colonists against British rule?
“Taxation without representation”
Which European nation focused most on trade alliances and conversion rather than conquest?
France
To enforce mercantilism and restrict colonial trade to England
The Navigation Acts
What act punished Massachusetts after the Boston Tea Party?
Intolerable Acts
Main idea was to suppress dissent and limit Democratic-Republican opposition
Alien & Sedition Act
South Carolina’s opposition to federal tariffs
Nullification Crisis
What major transportation projects linked regions of the U.S.?
Canals & Railroads
What territory was acquired peacefully from Britain in 1846?
Oregon Territory
Declared slaves were property, not citizens; made Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Dred Scott Decision
Battle that ended any Confederate invasion of the north
Gettysburg
Economic and social differences between North, South, and West
Sectionalism
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Exchange of goods, people, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
What event reflected tensions between frontier settlers and the Virginia elite in 1676?
Bacon’s Rebellion
Who authored Common Sense?
Thomas Paine
What major land purchase doubled the size of the U.S. in 1803?
Louisiana Purchase
Jackson opposed this as a tool of the elite
Second Bank of the US
Religious revival emphasizing personal salvation and reform
Second Great Awakening
What effect did Manifest Destiny have on Native Americans?
Displacement and loss of lands
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Freed slaves in Confederate-held areas, redefined war aims
Emancipation Proclamation
What was the main theme connecting the Market Revolution and reform movements?
Response to social change and industrialization
Native American civilization that was built on the banks of the Mississippi River
Cahokia
Which colony was meant to represent the Puritan model of moral society for the world
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Coordinated colonial resistance to British policies
First Continental Congress
Marbury v Madison
Supreme Court case established judicial review
What law led to the Trail of Tears?
Indian Removal Act
What reform did Dorothea Dix champion?
Asylum and prison reform
Path for westward migration to the Pacific
Oregon Trail
California free state; stricter Fugitive Slave Law; popular sovereignty in new territories
Compromise of 1850
Plan to blockade the South and control the Mississippi River
Anaconda Plan
Idea for expansion that reignited debate over slavery in new territories
Manifest Destiny
Which English colony was founded as a “city upon a hill”?
Massachusetts Bay Colony
What was the major cash crop of the Chesapeake colonies?
Tobacco
What battle convinced France to ally with the colonies?
Saratoga
Impressment, trade restrictions, and British support for Native attacks
Causes of the War of 1812
What did “King Andrew I” symbolize?
Who founded the Seneca Falls Convention?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
How did the annexation of Texas increase sectional tensions?
Reignited debates over slavery’s expansion
Law requiring return of escaped slaves to owners
Fugitive Slave Act
Bloodiest single day; led to Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam
How did Lincoln’s views on slavery change during the war?
From preserving the Union to abolishing slavery
What was the main motivation behind Spanish colonization?
Gold, God, and Glory
It encouraged religious diversity and challenged traditional authority
The First Great Awakening
What document formally ended the American Revolution?
Treaty of Paris
Federalist protest meeting against the War of 1812
Hartford Convention
Rise of mass democracy and voter participation
Election of 1828
Philosophy emphasizing individual intuition and nature
Transcendentalism
Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories
Free Soil Party
What was John Brown’s goal at Harpers Ferry?
To start a slave rebellion
Slave states that stayed in the Union (e.g., Maryland, Kentucky)
Border states
What role did women play from 1776–1865 in reform and war efforts?
Organized reform movements, nursing, abolitionism
How did the introduction of horses change Great Plains tribes?
Improved mobility and hunting efficiency, especially for buffalo
What was the main difference between New England and Southern economies?
New England: small farms and trade; South: plantation agriculture and slavery
What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence?
To justify independence based on Enlightenment ideals
Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization
Monroe Doctrine
Temperance, abolitionism, and women’s rights
Reform movements gained momentum during the Jacksonian Era
What was the main purpose of utopian communities?
To create ideal, cooperative societies
Drew thousands, including Chinese immigrants, leading to discrimination
The Gold Rush
What was the main goal of the American Colonization Society?
Resettle Free Blacks in Africa
Strategy of targeting civilian infrastructure to weaken morale
Total War
Industrial vs. agricultural economies created opposing interests
How did economic differences between the North and South cause conflict?
Spanish labor system that forced Native labor in exchange for “protection” and Christianization
Encomienda System
The transatlantic voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas
Middle Passage
What Enlightenment philosopher most influenced Jefferson’s writing?
John Locke
Admitted Missouri as slave, Maine as free, banned slavery north of 36°30′
Missouri Compromise
How did property qualifications for voting change by the 1820s?
Most were eliminated for white men
Campaign to limit or ban alcohol consumption
Temperance Movement
Ban on slavery in territories gained from Mexico
What party emerged in the 1850s opposing slavery’s expansion?
Republican Party
Reaffirmed equality and the Union’s moral cause
Gettysburg Address
Political rivalry between Democrats and Whigs
Which explorer’s 1588 report described Native deaths from disease after English contact?
Thomas Hariot
What Enlightenment idea inspired colonial calls for self-government?
Locke’s natural rights
Weak central government and could not tax or enforce laws
Articles of Confederation
Through internal improvements, a national bank, and protective tariffs
The American System
What Supreme Court case ruled in favor of Native sovereignty, ignored by Jackson?
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
How did the Market Revolution change women’s roles?
Created a separate “domestic sphere” for women
Who coined the term “Manifest Destiny”?
John L. O’Sullivan
Lincoln gained national attention; debates centered on slavery’s expansion
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Industrial capacity, larger population, and effective leadership
Union advantages
What unifying thread connects the Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, and Dred Scott decision?
Each dealt with the expansion of slavery into new territories