Political Revolutions
This set of ideas emphasized natural rights and challenged traditional authority.
Enlightenment
Industrialization first took off in this country.
Britian
Plantation economies resisted abolition because they depended on this.
This belief system within Islam emphasized personal spirituality and devotion.
Sufism
This unintended consequence of trade dramatically reshaped European society and weakened feudal labor systems.
Black Death
Most Latin American independence movements were led by this group.
Creole elites
This reform movement used state power to modernize Japan.
Meiji Restoration
This colonial labor system forced Indigenous peoples to work for Spanish settlers.
Encomienda
This belief system shaped political authority in China and influenced social hierarchy across East Asia for centuries.
Confucianism
This Mughal emperor was known for his religious tolerance and elimination of the jizya tax on non-Muslims.
Akbar
This revolution was led by enslaved people and abolished slavery.
Haitian Revolution
By 1900, industrialization reshaped global power by strengthening states with this.
Strong economies and militaries
These racial categories developed due to mixing in colonial societies.
Castas
These elite slave soldiers of the Ottoman Empire were recruited through the devshirme system and converted to Islam.
Janissaries
This Chinese invention, spread by the Mongols, revolutionized warfare and eventually led to the decline of armored knights.
Gunpowder
This 1789 revolution began when the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly and later stormed the Bastille.
French Revolution
This power source, developed by James Watt, became the driving force behind factories and transportation during the Industrial Revolution.
Steam engine
This economic system explains why European powers were investing in expansion
mercantilism
This Catholic religious order, founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, became known for their missionary work and educational institutions during the Counter-Reformation.
Jesuits
The introduction of these American crops—potatoes, maize, and cassava—to Afro-Eurasia dramatically increased population growth.
Columbian Exchange
This Enlightenment philosopher's ideas about natural rights and the social contract heavily influenced revolutionary movements in France and America.
John Locke
This economic system, characterized by private ownership and free markets, emerged as the dominant system during industrialization.
capitalism
This Incan system of mandatory public service required subjects to work on state projects like road building.
Mit'a system
This syncretic religion blended elements of Hinduism and Islam and was founded by Guru Nanak in the Punjab region.
Sikhism
This trade network connected West African gold and salt with Mediterranean markets.
Trans Saharan trade