Exploration
Who was known as “The Navigator” for encouraging voyages?
Prince Henry of Portugal.
What European nation first dominated overseas trade?
Portugal
What were Spanish colonial governors called?
Viceroys
Who conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernán Cortés and his conquistadors
What was the name of the voyage that enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic
The Middle Passage.
Which explorer was the first to reach India by sea?
Vasco da Gama.
What was the first major cash crop that used enslaved labor in the Americas?
Sugar cane.
What mixed-heritage populations developed in Latin America?
Mestizos and Mulattoes.
Which disease devastated Indigenous populations during conquest?
Smallpox
What Cuban religion blended African traditions with Catholicism?
Santería
Who sponsored Christopher Columbus’s voyages?
Queen Isabella of Spain.
Why did the Dutch dominate Southeast Asian trade during the 1600s?
They used powerful naval fleets and local alliances to control key spice-producing regions.
What empire established trading forts along the African and Indian coasts?
The Portuguese Empire.
Who led the conquest of the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro
How did enslaved Africans preserve their culture in the Americas?
Through music, religion, and traditions.
What treaty divided the “New World” between Spain and Portugal?
The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).
What system forced Native Americans to labor for Spanish colonists?
The Encomienda system.
Which two nations challenged Iberian control of global trade?
England and the Netherlands.
How did the Spanish conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires change the world?
They began centuries of European colonization in the Americas, transferring immense wealth and power to Spain.
What were two major effects of the slave trade on Africa?
Depopulation and increased warfare.
What three motives drove European exploration?
God, Gold, and Glory.
What global movement of crops, animals, and people resulted from exploration?
The Columbian Exchange
What was the Catholic Church’s main goal in the colonies?
To convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity.
What was Spain’s main goal in colonizing the Americas?
Extracting wealth through mining and agriculture.
What percentage of enslaved Africans were children?
Around 20%.