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100
Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages. Between 633 and 637, Muslim took control of Byzantine Syria and Palestine and seized most of Mesopotamia from the Sassanids. During the 640s, Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North Africa. By 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and Persia. By 718, Muslims controlled Hindu India, northwestern Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula. Muslims allowed conquered people to maintain their own religions but required those who did not convert to Islam to pay a tax (jizya). Positions of power and authority were reserved for Muslims.
What is Expansion of Islam
100
Migrated to central Mexico, settled Tula during the 8th century. Irrigated crops of maize, beans, peppers, tomatoes, cotton, etc, from the Tula River to support 60,000 people at peak. Army maintained a tightly knit empire. By 1775 problems between different ethnic groups and emerging nomadic tribes from northwestern Mexico destroyed the state.
What is Toltecs
100
Aboriginal people of Australia, isolated from other societies, created trade and exchange networks with other hunting and gathering societies as far away as 1000 miles. Traded items such as stone clubs, trinkets, flowers, and iron axes. New Guineans herded swine and cultivated root crops. No contact with advanced societies until late 1700s.
What is Development in Oceania
100
A trade network the developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400s-1600s); encompassed the commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean trough the Rhine and Danube rivers. Traded grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch. Commercial partnerships further increased the volume of trade in Europe. Impact on class structure of northern Europe made social mobility possible.
What is Hanseatic League (Hansa)
200
Arabic term referring to the "house of Islam." Persian influences: administrative techniques; ideas of kingship; Persian language, written and spoken, used in literature. Indian influences: mathematics, Arabic/Hindu numbers, symbol for zero, algebra, geometry, etc. Greek influences: philosophy, science, medical writings.
What is Influences on the Dar al-Islam (Persian, Indian, and Greek)
200
New strong nations with centralized authority emerged after the feudal period in Italy, Spain, France, and England. Two essential components to state building: capital (taxes) and a large standing army. Process began in Italy as a result of papal influence and large flow of post-crusades capital from trade. After the Hundred Years' War, France and England raised armies and levied taxes.
What is Establishment of Nation-States in Western Europe
200
The Qur'an helped and hurt women. Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides. Described women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property. Social customs were influenced by Islamic beliefs: men were permitted to take up to 4 wives, women were veiled in public.
What is The Qur'an and Women
200
Charlemagne accepted the title of emperor from the pope in 800 but died in 814. Charlemagne was succeeded by his son, Louis the Pious, who kept the empire together, then subsequently lost control of is bureaucracy. Louis's 3 sons fought over their inheritance, each got an equal portion. External pressures were a factor in the decline.
What is Decline of Carolingian Empire
300
Franks solidified Christianity as a foundation of the empire when Clovis converted; Charlemagne continues the commitment to Rome. Italy worked to spread Christianity north, as did Charlemagne; by 1000, Christianity was the accepted religion in most of western Europe. The pope was established as the single most important figure, providing the church with a sense of direction. Pope Gregory I protected the city of Rome by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of church in people's lives.
What is Influence of Christianity in Europe
300
Sufis focused on a personal relationship with Allah rather than a strict interpretation of Islam. They allowed worship of traditional gods, whom they believed we manifestations of Allah. Sufis succeeded in converting people in India, sub-Saharan Africa, and southeastern Asia to their mystic ways from 1000 to 1500. Sufis hoped that a tolerant approach to Islam would make it more palatable and intensify its spread.
What is Sufis
400
There were crusades against the Cathars and other heretics in the Balkans, but the term usually refers to the series of 5 holy wars declared by Pope Urban II in 1995 against the Muslims in an effort to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem. Fervent Christians formed religious/military orders: Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights. When the pope declared a crusade, warriors would "take up the cross" and fight on behalf of their faith. Peter the Hermit traveled and successfully organized an untrained group of knights but failed to recapture the Holy Land.
What is Crusades
500
Led to the development of the High Middle Ages as demand rose for "new" goods and and ideas and led to increased trade. European technology improved. Byzantine Empire, feudal nobles, and papal power and the church was weakened. Increased cultural diffusion.
What is Results of the Crusades