The Enlightenment
This was the main broad social-economic-political ideology which emerged in the early modern period as a consequence of the enlightenment and (as a contributor to) changing economic and political structures.
What is Liberalism?
The French Revolution proceed from an initial period of unity (the National Assembly Period) to various stages of bloody factional conflict for this reason.
What is the loss of a common enemy after the execution of the King?
One effect of industrialization/liberalism was to lower mercantilist-era barriers on international trade and business, including in the colonies, leading to the emergence of these types of economic actors. The EIC was one, alongside being a joint-stock royal charter company.
What are multinational/transnational corporations?
Prior to the Industrial Revolution products in Europe were mostly produced in the home, through this system.
What is Artisan/Cottage Industry production?
The development of the steamship and the telegraph reflect these two aspects of the Industrial Revolution's transformative effects beyond production.
What are transformations in transportation and communication?
This technological development is closely tied to the spread of Enlightenment ideas, growing challenges to Church traditions, and the development of nationalism.
What is the printing press/print media?
This Atlantic revolution interpreted enlightenment ideas most differently than the others, as indicated by their ideas of race and acceptance of monarchy.
What was the Haitian Revolution?
These three terms describe escalating levels of colonial control seen in the 19th century, often mapping the historical evolution of increasing European power.
Sphere of Influence -> Protectorate/Vassal State/Puppet State/Banana Republic -> Colony (-> Settler Colony)
These elements characterizing the second phase of the Industrial Revolution. (Name at least three)
What are steel production, precision machining, petroleum, electricity, synthetic chemicals, and automobiles?
During the era of industrialization, particularly during the second stage of industrialization, working class people lost their ability to create what they need, grew increasingly dependent on the cash economy, and they became this.
What are wage workers/consumers?
The phrase "No taxation without representation" most closely relates to which enlightenment ideas? (Define it)
What is Popular Sovereignty, the ability of the populace to influence and shape the systems that rule them?
Simon Bolivar, one of the key liberators of South America was a member of this social class in Latin American society, who played a significant role in the LatAm Revolutions.
What are Creoles, Spanish-decended elites born in the Americas?
There are the two biggest advantages which colonies presented to industrializing European (and Asian) powers, leading to new waves of colonization by emerging industrial powers like Germany, Italy and Japan in the late 19th/early 20th century?
What are access to cheap raw materials and captive markets?
This was the first industry to be industrialized by the factory system with inventions like the spinning jenny and the water powered loom. Raw material access is part of why Egypt was able to semi-industrialize, a major advantage for the British, who ruled India.
What is the textile industry?
The growth of labour unions, worker-driven social insurance etc. all marked the growth of this form of self-identification during industrialization.
What is class consciousness?
The philosopher John Locke introduced the phrase "unalienable rights," which Thomas Jefferson refers to in the Declaration of Independence. Unalienable Rights most closely resembles this Enlightenment ideal (Define it and provide x2 other names)
What are Natural Rights/God-given rights/Individual Rights/Human Rights?
Besides issues of popular sovereignty, democracy, and even the issue of slavery, this factor was a major motivator, especially to lower class settlers, in motivating the US revolution.
What were British-imposed limits on western expansion?
These two terms describe the negative effects of increased industrial imports on colonized economies, as well as the steps sometimes taken to strengthen colonizing economies advantage over the colonized.
What are deindustrialization and underdevelopment?
While Engels described abysmal conditions for the working class in the early half of the 19th century, by the turn of the 20th, conditions had greatly improved for these two reasons.
What is increased production of consumer goods, union and working class radicalism and middle-class led reform movements acting as pressure-releases?
This term describes the ways in which industrialization spread the upper-class ideal of a woman's social role as limited to the household.
What is the Cult of Domesticity
This scholar wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776 calling for these changes in international trade.
Who is Adam Smith? What is free trade/laissez-faire/removal of mercantilist barriers
Working-class French revolutionaries signaled their political ideals through their fashion choices, rejecting this marker of elite status, and contributing this other fashion-piece as a lasting symbol of their ideals. (Name both pieces of clothing!)
What are breeches/culottes and the Phyrgian cap?
Polanyi described this phenomenon with the term the "Great Divergence"
What is the process of European/Western nations overcoming previous growth constraints to build industrial economies, surpassing previously dominant regions of the world like India and China
Describe how industrialization affected the elites both within and beyond industrializing states.
Domestic: Rise of Bourgeois over Aristocracy
Abroad: Leaders of Asian and African states increasingly reduced to heads of protectorates. On the other hand, they used industrial goods to build power.
Common: Challenges to elites through the spread of liberal, and even socialist thought.
This phrase literally describes political change, but is mainly used to refer to the rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan.
What is the Meiji Restoration?