French Revolution
Name at least 2 causes of the French Revolution
Economic crisis, social inequality, heavy taxation, Enlightenment ideas, weak monarchy.
What role did the Creoles play in the independence movements?
They were wealthy but politically powerless and led revolutions to gain independence from Spanish rule.
What role did Galileo play in advancing the Scientific Revolution?
Galileo used telescopes to prove heliocentrism, leading to his trial
This woman believed in the right for women to be educated and participate in politics?
Mary Wollstonecraft
True/False. When Mexico gained its independence in 1823, it became a representative democracy.
FALSE
Empire and Republics: After gaining independence from Spain, Mexico was initially established as the First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide in 1822. This monarchy collapsed quickly, leading to the creation of a federal republic in 1824.
Military Strongmen and Conflict: The new republic was highly unstable. Political power often changed hands through military coups, and a succession of strongmen, such as General Antonio López de Santa Anna, dominated the political landscape. Only one president managed to serve a full term in the first 40 years.
Name at least 1 social and 1 economic cause of the French Revolution?
Social inequality (Three Estates system), heavy taxation on the Third Estate, food shortages, and economic crisis from debt.
Who were Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín?
Bolívar liberated northern South America, while San Martín led the South American independence movements.
Which invention helped spread new scientific ideas?
The printing press allowed faster sharing of discoveries.
Name 2 ways the Enlightenment spread throughout Europe?
Spread through books, salons, newspapers, and travel.
Who led Mexico's first independence efforts in 1810?
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Name 2 ways the French Revolution changed France’s government and society?
It abolished the monarchy, established a republic, promoted secularism, and introduced ideas of equality and citizenship.
What were the main causes of the Latin American revolutions?
Causes: Spanish rule, economic inequality, Enlightenment, Napoleonic Wars.
Which scientist believed that the earth rotated around the sun?
Copernicus
Which Enlightenment thinker believed in fair punishment if one was convicted of a crime?
Beccaria--speedy trial, punishment fit the crime.
Who was the person who led enslaved Africans to wage a rebellion in Haiti?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
What role did Robespierre play during the Reign of Terror?
He led the Committee of Public Safety, executed thousands of perceived enemies, and ruled through fear until his own execution.
How were the Latin American revolutions influenced by the American and French Revolutions?
Inspired by the American and French Revolutions’ ideas of liberty.
Why was the heliocentric theory controversial?
It contradicted religious teachings that the Earth was the center.
How did Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, and Montesquieu influence political philosophy?
Voltaire supported free speech; Montesquieu advocated separation of powers.
What was the purpose and outcome of the Congress of Vienna?
It aimed to restore balance in Europe after Napoleon, reinstating monarchies and reshaping borders to prevent future wars.
How did the Estates-General contribute to the start of the Revolution?
The Third Estate was underrepresented and broke away to form the National Assembly, demanding more political power.
What were the long-term effects of these revolutions on Latin America?
Resulted in political instability, military rule, and social inequality.
How did Isaac Newton contribute to science?
He formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
What were 2 important ideas of John Locke?
Believed in the idea of the social contract; believed in natural rights (life, liberty, property)
What were the main achievements of the Napoleonic Code?
The Napoleonic Code promoted legal equality and property rights.
Who were the monarchs of France in 1789?
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
What was the nickname of Simon Bolivar? What was the famous letter he wrote?
The Liberator / The Jamaica Letter
Bolivar wrote the Jamaica Letter to Henry Cullen, a Jamaican merchant and an admirer of his cause. Although ostensibly addressed to Cullen, the letter's real purpose was to explain the situation in Spanish America to a wider, influential audience and gain support for independence, particularly from Great Britain.
How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment.
Scientists used logic and reason to come to scientific conclusions. Philosophers used logic and reason to apply to social and political issues.
Name at least two ways that French women participated in the French Revolution
Fish wives began the March to Versailles, Olympia de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of women, Charlotte Corday murdered Marat to prevent him from continuing his denouncements in the newspaper.
In which order did the revolutions occur?
Haitian Revolution, American Revolution, Latin American Revolutions, French Revolution?
American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Latin American Revolutions