Revolutions
a period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen
What was the Reign of Terror?
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people; gained popularity in the 18th century
What is abolitionism?
a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster; the production of food rose dramatically
What is the Agricultural Revolution?
control of a specific business and elimination of all competition
What is a monopoly?
- A German scholar and writer who argued for socialism
- Author of the Communist Manifesto
Who is Karl Marx?
a former prison in Paris that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy
What is Bastille?
the theory that states governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions
What is laissez-faire?
a railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, which allowed Russia to trade with countries in East Asia, such as China and Japan
What is the Trans-Siberian Railroad?
the assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to other people in order to improve efficiency
What is the Division of Labor?
- Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts
- Father of the mass production method
- Led directly to the division of labor
- Henry Ford built off of his ideas
Who is Eli Whitney?
runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their self-governing communities; raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa
Who are the Maroons?
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments
What is Empiricism?
the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the 18th century, it contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization
What is the Enclosure Movement?
a pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles that summarized their critiques of capitalism
What is the Communist Manifesto?
a French philosopher and writer
- Believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts
- Government should exist to protect common goods, and be a democracy
-Influenced by the idea of a Social Contract
-Individual freedom
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany
What is Realpolitik?
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as the mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal
What is socialism?
a document issued in Japan in the emperor's name, calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge; formally abolished feudalism
What is the Charter Oath?
By creating this movement, government officials in China hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing its military technology
What is the self-strengthing movement?
an Albanian Ottoman Empire; he rose to prominence and local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt
Who is Muhammad Ali?
a revolutionary group in the Philippines led by Jose Rizal; distributed magazines, pamphlets, and other publications that agitated for greater autonomy for the Filipino people from Spain
What was the Propaganda Movement?
group of socialists who favored reforming society by parliamentary means; included H.G. Wells, Virginia Woolf, and George Bernard Shaw
What is the Fabian Society?
separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using their own set of religious law; these were part of the Ottoman Reform Edict
What are millets?
powerful Japanese business families who ruled over industrial empires
Who are the Zaibatsu?
- Radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people in Italy
- Pushed for Italian Resurgence
Who is Giuseppe Mazzini?