Age of -isms
A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture, which often threatened multiethnic empires.
What is Nationalism?
He argued that the social contract implied a right to revolt against unjust government and believed in "natural rights".
Who is John Locke?
This island nation was the first to industrialize due to its coal deposits, river networks, and strong navy.
What is Great Britain?
The 1868 event that ended Japanese feudalism and launched a rapid modernization effort to protect Japanese culture.
James Watt’s version of this invention provided a reliable power source for factories and transportation.
What is the Steam Engine?
Organizations of workers that used collective bargaining and strikes to win better wages and working conditions.
What are Labor Unions?
The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience and observation rather than tradition or religion.
What is Empiricism?
This author of The Wealth of Nations argued for "laissez-faire" and that an "invisible hand" guides the market.
Who is Adam Smith?
This fossil fuel was essential for powering the steam engine and refining iron during the first Industrial Revolution.
What is Coal?
He modernized Egypt by Europeanizing the military and establishing government control over the cotton industry.
Who is Muhammad Ali?
The Bessemer Process allowed for the mass production of this material, which was stronger and more versatile than iron.
What is Steel?
This document by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that the proletariat should seize the means of production.
What is The Communist Manifesto?
This ideology advocates for natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced military spending.
What is Classical Liberalism?
He famously argued that life in a state of nature was "nasty, brutish, and short," necessitating a strong central government.
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
Invented by James Hargreaves, this machine allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
This 36,000-mile railroad project was a cornerstone of Russia’s industrial expansion toward the Pacific.
What is the Trans-Siberian Railroad?
A type of business where stockholders own the company, providing a way to raise money with less risk to individuals.
What is a Corporation?
John Stuart Mill’s philosophy that sought "the greatest good for the greatest amount of people" through gradual reform.
What is Utilitarianism?
The movement to re-establish an independent Jewish homeland in Israel as a response to European anti-Semitism.
What is Zionism?
This French thinker praised the British government's use of checks and balances through a separation of powers.
Who is Baron Montesquieu?
This system replaced cottage industries by concentrating production in a single location using assembly lines.
What is the Factory System?
China's late 19th-century attempt to modernize its shipyards and arsenals, which many felt was "too little, too late".
What is the Self-Strengthening Movement?
A corporation that gains enough power to control all of one type of product or service, such as Standard Oil.
What is a Monopoly?
A series of Ottoman reforms that included secular schools, codified laws, and equality regardless of ethnicity.
What are the Tanzimat Reforms?
The reform movement aimed at ending the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and freeing all enslaved people.
What is Abolitionism?
Famous for his social satire Candide, he was a tireless advocate for civil liberties and religious freedom.
Who is Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)?
This 18th-century "revolution" included the use of crop rotation and the seed drill to increase food production.
What is the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Large, powerful family-owned business conglomerates in Japan that provided capital for industrialization.
What are Zaibatsu?
Companies like Cecil Rhodes’ De Beers Diamonds that operated across national borders.
What are Transnational Corporations?
The 1848 landmark meeting in New York where activists gathered to promote women’s rights and suffrage.
What is the Seneca Falls Convention?
The belief that a divinity set natural laws in motion but does not interfere in the day-to-day workings of the world.
What is Deism?
She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, arguing that women should receive the same education as men.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?
Eli Whitney’s concept that allowed for the repair of machines rather than complete replacement.
What are Interchangeable Parts?
This document ended feudalism in Japan and promised to seek knowledge throughout the world to strengthen the empire.
What is the Charter Oath?
This period in the late 19th century focused on steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electricity.
What is the Second Industrial Revolution?
The Marxist term for the working class who were "enslaved" by the factory-owning bourgeoisie.
Who are the Proletariat?
This ideology favors traditional institutions and reliance on practical experience rather than ideological theories.
What is Conservatism?
He expanded on the social contract, arguing that the "General Will" of the people should guide a monarch's obligations.
Who is Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
The term for the workforce provided by the massive influx of immigrants to the United States.
What is Human Capital?
British rule and high tariffs eventually destroyed this once-flourishing industry in India.
What is Shipbuilding (or Textiles)?
This innovation in communication allowed for mass media and long-distance transmission of information.
What is the Radio (or Telephone)?
This powerful Qing leader overthrew her nephew and repealed his reforms, stopping foreign-influenced projects.
Who is Empress Dowager Cixi?
Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier were proponents of this ideology, which sought to create "ideal communities".
What is Utopian Socialism?
The author of Common Sense, his defense of Deism later made him unpopular in some circles.
Who is Thomas Paine?
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, this "system" involved merchants providing raw materials to women to spin into cloth at home.
What is the Cottage Industry (or Putting-out System)?
In Japan, these former elite warriors were legally dissolved and given a final payment by the new Meiji government.
Who are the Samurai?
This German steel company is an example of a massive monopoly that influenced national industry.
What is Krupp?
This British group of gradual socialists believed society could be reformed through parliamentary means rather than revolution.
What is the Fabian Society?