main events
1492:colonizer that initiated lasting European exploration and colonization of the Caribbean and South/Central America while bringing widespread disease and violence to indigenous populations
who is Christopher Columbus
to establish or develop a colony, typically a settlement or group of settlements, in a new territory
what is colonization
a navigation tool featuring a magnetized pointer that aligns with the Earth's magnetic field to identify magnetic north
what is a compass
this disease decimated 80-95% of Native American populations who lacked immunity
what is smallpox
1521: Spanish conquistador that led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire using smallpox
who is Hernán Cortés
period of exchange of plants, animals, technology, and culture between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following the voyages of Christopher Columbus
what is the Columbian Exchange
multifunctional astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, determine latitude, and tell time
what is an astrolabe
grown primarily for sale, such as tobacco and sugar, which thrived in the Americas
what is a cash crop
this empire began in 1526 when Babur, a Central Asian ruler descended from Genghis Khan and Timur, defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat
what is the Mughal empire
an economic theory and system prevalent in Europe from the 16th to 18th centuries, focusing on maximizing a nation’s wealth—specifically gold and silver—through strict government regulation of trade
what is mercantilism
a triangular sail set on a long, angled yard, primarily used to enable ships to sail effectively against the wind
what is a lateen sail
A Spanish labor system that forced Native Americans to work for landowners
Encomienda System
the worlds first joint-stock company, began in 1601
what is the dutch east india company
an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production (factories, mines, businesses) and their operation for profit
what is capitalism
small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century
what is a caravel
Large-scale farms producing cash crops, heavily relying on forced labor
what is the Plantation System
this former emperor of Russia traveled to Europe to study technology in 1697
Peter the Great
a system of contracted labor where individuals agreed to work without wages for a specific number of years in exchange for passage to a new country, food, clothing, and shelter
what is indentured servitude
published in 1687, states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers
what is Newton’s Laws of Gravitation
The three primary motivations for European exploration
what are God, Gold, and Glory