Enlightenment Ideas
Philosopher who argued for natural rights: life, liberty, and property
John Locke
he revolution that began in 1789 and overthrew the monarchy
French Revolution
Country where the Industrial Revolution began
Great Britain
Social class that owned factories and capital
bourgeoisie
The belief that people with shared culture and language should form a nation
nationalism
Document that proclaimed equality and rights during the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Enlightenment thinker who believed in separation of powers
Montesquieu
Leader who took power after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor
Napoleon Bonaparte
invention that greatly improved textile production
spinning jenny / power loom/ water frame
Movement that sought to end child labor and improve working conditions
Labor Unions
This leader helped unify Italy through diplomacy and war
Giuseppe Garibaldi or Count Cavour
Author of The Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx
This idea argued that government authority comes from the people
popular sovereignty / social contract
The revolution that successfully created a new republic in the Americas
American Revolution
This economic system supports private ownership and free markets
capitalism
This ideology criticized capitalism and called for a classless society
socialism / communism
The country unified under Otto von Bismarck
Germany
Napoleon’s legal code that spread revolutionary ideals across Europe
Napoleonic Code
Enlightenment ideas were spread through this new social and intellectual movement in places called
salons
This Latin American leader helped liberate much of South America from Spain
Simón Bolívar
What Karl Marx called the working class of people
proletariat
Karl Marx argued that history was shaped by this
class struggle
Bismarck used this strategy focused on practical goals rather than ideology
Realpolitik
One reason documents like constitutions became more common in this period
Spread of Enlightenment ideas / limitation of monarchy / protection of rights
This Enlightenment idea directly challenged absolutism and divine right
natural rights
One reason the Haitian Revolution was unique compared to other Atlantic revolutions
led by enslaved people / abolished slavery / created the first Black republic
Two factors that helped Britain industrialize first
Coal & iron / rivers / capital / colonies / agricultural revolution
One social effect of industrialization on women
More factory work / separate spheres / changing family roles
One way nationalism weakened empires in the 19th century
Revolts / independence movements / ethnic conflict
Continuity & Change
Despite political revolutions, this social structure largely remained intact in many societies
class hierarchy / elite dominance