Show:
AGE OF REASON
REVOLUTIONS
FACTORY FLOOR
MACHINES
WINNERS & LOSERS
100
Movement that applied reason and science to government and society.
What is the Enlightenment? — MC TIP: Ideas first, revolutions second. Know which thinker fuels which revolution.
100
1789 revolution that overthrew a monarchy and declared the rights of man.
What is the French Revolution? — MC TIP: The most influential of the Atlantic revolutions, and the messiest.
100
Country where the Industrial Revolution began.
What is Britain? — MC TIP: Coal, iron, colonies, capital, rivers, stable government. Know at least three reasons.
100
Machine that converted coal into mechanical power.
What is the steam engine? — MC TIP: It frees factories from riversides. Location stops constraining production.
100
Economic system built on private ownership and free markets.
What is capitalism? — MC TIP: Adam Smith is the theorist. The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
200
Thinker who argued people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke? — MC TIP: Locke shows up behind the American Revolution more than anyone else.
200
Loyalty to a shared language, culture, and history as the basis for a state.
What is nationalism? — MC TIP: It both unifies (Germany, Italy) and breaks apart (Ottoman, Austrian). Both directions get tested.
200
Fuel that powered the factory system.
What is coal? — MC TIP: Britain had it in quantity and close to iron. Geography is destiny here.
200
Invention that made instant long-distance messaging possible.
What is the telegraph? — MC TIP: Information moves faster than people for the first time in history.
200
Organizations through which workers bargained collectively with owners.
What are labor unions? — MC TIP: Individual workers had no leverage. Collective action was the only lever.
300
Idea that government authority comes from an agreement with the governed.
What is the social contract? — MC TIP: If the government breaks the deal, the people may replace it. That is the revolutionary part.
300
Only successful large-scale slave revolt, creating a free state in 1804.
What is the Haitian Revolution? — MC TIP: It terrified every slaveholding society in the Atlantic. Note the ripple effects.
300
Enclosing common land into private farms, which pushed peasants toward cities.
What is the enclosure movement? — MC TIP: It creates the factory workforce. Agricultural change causes industrial change.
300
Machine that sped cotton processing and dramatically expanded American slavery.
What is the cotton gin? — MC TIP: A labor-saving device that increased forced labor. Counterintuitive, so it gets tested.
300
Author of The Communist Manifesto and critic of industrial capitalism.
Who is Karl Marx? — MC TIP: Bourgeoisie versus proletariat. Know both terms cold.
400
Thinker who argued government power should be split into separate branches.
Who is Montesquieu? — MC TIP: Separation of powers. Straight into the U.S. Constitution.
400
Creole leader of independence movements across northern South America.
Who is Simón Bolívar? — MC TIP: Creole-led, not popular uprisings. That shapes who held power afterward.
400
Cheap steelmaking method that made railroads and skyscrapers possible.
What is the Bessemer process? — MC TIP: Marks the second industrial revolution: steel, chemicals, electricity.
400
Russian project linking Moscow to the Pacific and opening Siberia.
What is the Trans-Siberian Railroad? — MC TIP: State-directed industrialization. Compare it to Japan and Germany, not to Britain.
400
Idea that men belonged in public life and women in the home.
What are separate spheres (the cult of domesticity)? — MC TIP: A middle-class ideal, not a description of working-class women's actual lives.
500
She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, arguing Enlightenment logic had to include women.
Who is Mary Wollstonecraft? — MC TIP: The Enlightenment's own principles used against its limits. Expect her on rights questions.
500
Prime minister who unified Germany through war and ‘blood and iron’ in 1871.
Who is Otto von Bismarck? — MC TIP: Nationalism from the top down. The opposite of a popular revolution.
500
Japanese reform program that industrialized the country from the top down after 1868.
What is the Meiji Restoration? — MC TIP: A state deliberately importing Western methods while keeping control. The model case.
500
Egyptian ruler who tried to industrialize with state-run cotton and textile production.
Who is Muhammad Ali? — MC TIP: An attempt outside Europe that European pressure ultimately undercut.
500
Business structure limiting investor losses to what they put in, enabling enormous fundraising.
What is the limited-liability corporation? — MC TIP: Limited liability is what makes mass investment safe enough to happen.