6.1, 6.2
The misapplication of Darwin's ideas to society — Europeans believed they were racially and culturally superior and used this to justify conquering and ruling over non-European peoples.
Social Darwinism
An Islamic state founded in 1804 following a jihad led by Usman dan Fodio against the Hausa kings — one of the largest and most powerful states in 19th-century Africa.
Sokoto Caliphate (modern-day Nigeria)
Chinese migrants moved to these places for work, often as laborers in mines, railroads, plantations, and trade.
Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America, and North America
Control of a country’s economy (trade, resources, investment) without direct political rule.
Economic Imperialism
A U.S. law passed in 1882 that banned most Chinese immigration and showed growing anti-Chinese racism.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Competition between European nations drove imperial expansion — acquiring colonies became a symbol of national power, pride, and prestige.
Nationalism & imperialism
An 18th-century indigenous and mestizo uprising against Spanish colonial rule — one of the largest colonial revolts in Latin American history before being violently suppressed.
Tupac Amaru II's rebellion (Peru)
This South American export became globally important when refrigerated ships allowed it to be sold overseas.
Meat from Argentina and Uruguay?
An area where a foreign country has special economic control or trading rights.
Sphere of Influence
A set of Australian laws meant to limit non-European immigration and keep Australia mostly white.
White Australia policy
the idea that Europeans had a moral duty to "civilize" non-European peoples, framing conquest as a benevolent mission
"White Man's Burden"
A spiritual movement among Native Americans prophesying that the Ghost Dance would restore indigenous lands and drive out settlers. The U.S. government suppressed it, culminating in the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890).
Ghost Dance Movement (U.S.)
The business of collecting and exporting bird droppings used as fertilizer; it made Peru and Chile a lot of money in the 1800s.
The guano industries in Peru and Chile
Crops grown to be sold for profit (ex: cotton, palm oil), not for local use.
Cash Crops
Japanese workers migrated to places like Hawaii and the U.S. West Coast for farming jobs, then some returned home.
Japanese Agricultural Workers (Pacific)
A meeting of European powers that divided Africa among themselves without African input — it formalized the Scramble for Africa and set rules for claiming colonial territory.
Berlin Conference (1884–85)
Conflicts in Sudan in the 1880s–90s where followers of Muhammad Ahmad (the Mahdi) defeated Egyptian and British-led forces and established an independent Islamic state.
Mahdist Wars (Sudan)
The removal of natural rubber from trees in these regions, often using forced labor, to meet industrial demand for tires and machines.
Rubber extraction in the Amazon and the Congo basin
Wars fought because Britain sold opium to China, causing addiction and imbalance in trade. China tried to stop it, and Britain used military force to keep trading. An economy focused on producing raw materials to sell to other countries.
opium wars
Reasons people leave (poverty, famine, lack of jobs).
Push factors
A colony where large numbers of Europeans permanently settle, displacing indigenous populations and establishing European-dominated political and social systems.
What is a settler colony?
In 1856–57, prophetess Nongqawuse claimed that if the Xhosa killed their cattle and destroyed crops, ancestors would rise and expel British colonizers. The resulting famine killed tens of thousands.
Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement (Southern Africa)
This West African export became valuable during industrialization because it was used in soap and to lubricate machinery.
What is the palm oil trade in West Africa?
This process transformed economies by shifting production from hand-made goods to machine-based factory systems.
What is industrialization?
Communities where people of the same culture live together in a new country.
Ethnic Enclaves