URINARY
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF KIDNEYS
NEPHRON
WHAT CAN MOVE EASILY FROM BLOOD INTO FILTRATE?
H20, SMALL MOLECULES AND IONS
WHAT TWO SYSTEMS ARE THE MAIN EXTRINSIC CONTROLS?
NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE
NAME 2 OUT OF THE 4 HORMONES USED IN THE URINARY SYSTEM.
ADH, ALDOSTERONE, ANP, PTH
WHAT IS DIURESIS?
NAME THREE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGAN, MAINTAIN THE BODYS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BY:
REGULATING TOTAL WATER VOLUME AND TOTAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IN WATER
REGULATING ION CONCENTRATIONS IN ECF
ENSURING LONG-TERM ACID-BASE BALANCE
EXCRETING METABOLIC WASTES, TOXINS, DRUGS
PRODUCING ERYTHROPOIETIN AND RENIN
ACTIVATING VITAMIN D
CARRYING OUT GLUCONEOGENSIS, IF NEEDED
NAME THE THREE STEPS OF URINE FORMATION.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
TUBULAR SECRETION
OUT OF 180 L OF FLUID PROCESSED DAILY, HOW MUCH FORMS URINE?
1.5 L
WHAT IS THE DIAGNOSIS?
pH: 7.36
PCO2: 51
HCO3-: 32
COMPENSATORY RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
WHAT DOES ANP DO?
INHIBITS REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AT THE COLLECTING DUCTS
GLOMERULAR CAPSULE CONTAIN _____ THAT ALLOW FILTRATE TO PASS INTO CAPSULAR SPACE (FILTRATION SLITS)
PODOCYTES
WHAT ARE THE FOUR WAYS OF WATER OUTPUT?
FECES 4%
SWEAT 8%
INSENSIBLE LOSS VIA SKIN AND LUNGS 28%
URINE 60%
IF I ALTER URINE OUTPUT, WHAT ELSE IS ALTERED?
BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE
WHICH NEPHRONS INVADE THE MEDULLARY LAYER?
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
CHANGES IN OP OF BLOOD ARE MOST LIKELY DO TO CHANGES IN ______
SODIUM
ACCORDING TO FIG. 26.2, POTASSIUM IS MOST ABUNDANT IN…
ICF
TO REMAIN PROPERLY HYDRATED, WATER _____ = WATER ______
WATER INTAKE = WATER OUTPUT
THE BRAIN IS PRONE TO SEIZURES WHEN [__] ARE LOW.
POTASSIUM
TELL ME THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CONTROLS OF GFR?
INTRINSIC = MAINTAIN GFR IN KIDNEYS
EXTRINSIC = MAINTAIN SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE
WHICH PRESSURE FORCES FLUIDS AND SOLUTES THROUGH FILTRATION MEMBRANE INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE?
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
IF YOU ARE HYPOKALEMIC, WHAT IS THE BEST AND ONLY TREATMENT?
INCREASE DIETARY INTAKE
WHAT ARE THE TWO STIMULI FOR THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIS-ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM?
DROP IN BP
DROP IN [Na+]
CAUSES COLLECTING DUCTS TO INSERT AQUAPORINS IN APICAL MEMBRANES, INCREASING WATER ABSORPTION
STATE THE CAUSE AND REASON:
COPD, LATE STAGES
CAUSE: RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
REASON: NO EXCHANGE OF GASSES, CO2 ACCUMULATES, THEREFORE pH DROPS
S&S OF ALKALOSIS…
NUMBNESS AND TINGLING OF FINGERS AND LIPS
PATIENT APPEARS NERVOUS, JITTERY, “HIGH STRUNG”
SPAMS AND & TETANY OF HANDS AND FOREARMS
HYPERVENTILATION DUE TO EMOTIONS
BUT HYPOVENTILATION IS COMPENSATORY WHEN THE CASUE IS METABOLIC
SEVERE: CONVULSIONS, DEATH