Wars and Revolutions
This conflict between King Charles I and Parliament ended with the king's execution and a temporary abolition of the monarchy.
What is the English Civil War?
This term describes a system where one ruler holds complete, unrestricted power.
What is absolutism?
This military leader led Parliament’s forces to victory in the English Civil War and ruled as Lord Protector.
Who is Oliver Cromwell?
This system exchanged European goods for enslaved Africans, who were then shipped to the Americas to work on plantations.
What is the Triangle Trade?
This luxurious fabric from China was highly valued in Europe, driving global trade and cultural exchange.
What is silk?
This revolution replaced James II with William and Mary, solidifying Parliament’s power over the monarchy.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
This document limited the monarchy's power and laid the foundation for constitutional monarchy in England.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
The first Stuart king of England, he clashed with Parliament and believed in the "divine right of kings."
Who is James I?
Founded in 1694, this institution became the model for modern central banking.
What is the Bank of England?
This popular drink imported from China and India shaped global trade and influenced British colonial policies.
What is tea?
A series of treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, it established national sovereignty and reshaped Europe's political landscape.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
This concept limits government power through laws or a constitution, sharing authority with elected bodies.
What is constitutionalism?
Known as the "Sun King," this French monarch epitomized absolutism and built the Palace of Versailles.
Who is Louis XIV?
A pre-industrial production method where rural workers made goods at home for merchants.
What is the putting-out system (cottage industry)?
A period of new farming techniques and tools that increased food production and fueled the Industrial Revolution.
What is the Agricultural Revolution?
This war was fought between France and the Dutch Republic, ending with the Treaty of Nijmegen.
What is the Dutch War?
This term refers to the law-making body in England that clashed with the monarchy during the 17th century.
What is Parliament?
This Swedish king is remembered for his military reforms and leadership during the Thirty Years’ War.
Who is Gustavus Adolphus?
This 18th-century economic policy aimed to increase wealth by exporting more than importing, often exploiting colonies.
What is mercantilism?
A shift in the 18th century where people began buying more luxury goods, changing social habits and paving the way for modern consumer culture.
What is the Consumer Revolution?
Known as a transformative period for warfare, this included innovations like gunpowder weapons and professional armies.
What is the Military Revolution?
These royal officials in France helped centralize power by overseeing local administration and enforcing royal policies.
What are intendants?
This English king restored the monarchy in 1660 but faced tensions due to his pro-Catholic sympathies.
Who is Charles II?
This sweet commodity, grown on plantations by enslaved labor, became a cornerstone of the Caribbean economy.
What is sugar?
This term describes the exchange of goods, cultures, and populations between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after 1492.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This war over the Spanish throne ended with the Treaty of Utrecht, preventing France and Spain from uniting under one ruler.
What is the War of the Spanish Succession?
This policy allowed monarchs to control their armed forces directly, bolstering their central authority.
What is state-controlled military?
This chief minister to Louis XIII reduced noble power and centralized French authority.
Who is Cardinal Richelieu?
This crop became highly profitable in Europe, fueling colonial expansion and the labor of enslaved people in the Americas.
What is tobacco?
This republic controlled area became a financial and trade hub in the 17th century, with Amsterdam at its center.
What is the Dutch Republic?
Noble uprisings France during Cardinal Mazarin's tenure opposed to his centralizing policies.
What is the Fronde?
A political system where power is held by a small group of elites, limiting broader public influence.
What is oligarchy?
The finance minister to Louis XIV, he strengthened France’s economy with mercantilist policies.
Who is Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
This alcohol, made from sugarcane byproducts, was a key commodity in the Triangle Trade.
What is rum?
This term describes elaborate 17th-century European clothing that reflected wealth and social status.
What is Western fashion?