Unit 1
What is symbiosis?
Two species living in a close and long-term association with one another in an ecosystem
What are the 4 ecosystem services?
Regulating
Supporting
Cultural
What are the characteristics of K-selected species?
-Mammals
-Parental care
- Few offspring
- long lifespan
What land masses can occur from convergent plate boundaries?
Trenches, Mountains, Volcanos
What is natural selection?
Organisms that are better adapted to the environment to survive, and reproduce more offspring
What is are estuaries?
An area along the coast where the freshwater of rivers mises with salt water from the ocean
What are the 2 main rules of Island Biogeography?
-Larger islands, support more species
-Islands closer to the mainland, easier to colonize
What is the Total Fertility Rate? And what country/countries have the highest?
Average number of children a women will bear throughout a lifetime.
- Almost any third world country
List all of the atmospheric layers in order from closest to furthest. (The Silly Monkey Threw Eggs)
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
What is the bottleneck effect?
Environmental disturbance that drastically reduces population size. Independent cause
Describe the process of eutrophication.
Too much nitrogen and phosphorus. Algae has a mass bloom, blocking the sunlight. Algae dies decomposing bacteria with O2. Fish die of hypoxia. Decomposition. O2 gets restored. Cycle repeats
What is the zone of physiological stress?
Range where organisms survive but experience some stress like infertility or decrease in activity
What does the Rule of 70 do? And what is the formula?
The time it takes (in years) for a population to double
- 70/%growth rate
What is the Coriolis Effect?
warm, moist air from the ocean hitting the windward side of the mountain, rises, cools, condenses down the leeward side
What is GPP?
Total amount of solar energy that produces in an ecosystem captured via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.
What are the stages of succession?
-pioneer or early succession species, bare rock, moss lichen
-Mid-Successional species, deepen soil, fast growing, shrubs
-Climax community, slow growing, developed soil, trees
Do preindustrial countries have a high or low Infant Mortality Rate? And why?
- Due to a high death rate with lack of access, technology and education
What is a watershed? And what are the human causes of it?
All of the land that drains into a specific body of water
- agriculture, dams, mining etc.
Based on the survivorship curve, do type 3 species have a high or low death rate at birth?
High
What is the Nitrogen Cycle?
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Assimilation
Ammonification
Denitrification
What are some human impacts on biodiversity? (HIPPCO)
Habitat fragmentation, Invasive species, Population growth, Pollution, Climate change, Over exploitaiton
True or false. Density dependent factors are factors that deal with competition and disease.
True!
What is albedo?
The proportion of light that is reflected by a surface
-higher albedo reflects more light
How can governments promote the reduction of total fertility rate to replacement level fertility?
Forced sterilization, tax incentives etc.