Limiting Factors
Population growth/age structure diagrams
Demographic Transition Models
TFR and More
TFR Cont. and Age Structure Diagrams
100
The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain?
Carrying Capacity (k)
100
If the population of rabbits in an ecosystem grows at a rate of approximately 4% per year, the number of years required for the rabbit population to double is...?
70/4 = 17.5 years
100
The greatest rate of population growth takes place in this phase.
Transitional
(death rates lower but birth rates still high)
100
For a population to have slow growth or decline, what must the TFR be?
Less than 2.0
100
What factors influence infant mortality rate?
-Mother's access to healthcare
-Maternal Nutrition and Diet
(Healthcare and nutrition drive changes in IMR over time)
200
What happens when a population overshoots its carrying capacity?
Overshoot and dieback
200
What is the formula for RNI? (Rate of Natural Increase)
RNI=(CBR-CDR)/10
200
Explain why a country may have a declining death rate in stage 2. (why is there a longer life expectancy)
improvements in public health, sanitation, and access to food
200
How could a population achieve stability?
-Fertility rate is at replacement levels
-TFR is approx. 2.1 in more developed countries
-Another sign of a stable population is if birth and death rates are equal.
200
What shape would reflect Rapid Growth?
A pyramid shape with higher younger population than older. Wide pyramid.
Pre-reproductive age groups (younger cohorts) are significantly larger than reproductive cohorts.
300
List and describe the two migration flows that contribute to a populations growth and decline
-Immigration (net gain) movement of individuals into a population
-Emigration (net loss) movement out of a population
300
Compare the population growth rate of India and that of China.
India has a higher population growth rate than China and Australia
300
The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which phase?
The beginning of Phase III
300
What are some of the main components of the Malthusian Theory?
-Populations grow Geometrically (Exponentially) while food supply grows Arithmetically (linear)
-Population growth will outpace food production and exceed carrying capacity, causing collapse or catastrophe.
-Positive Checks: (increase death rate) famine, war, disease
-Preventative Checks: (voluntary measures to lower birth rate) delayed marriage, celibacy, moral restraint.
300
What shape would represent Slow Growth?
Steep pyramid.
Pre-reproductive and reproductive age groups are nearly equal, only slightly larger.
400
List a species that could be an example of a Type II Curve
A bird, turtle etc.
400
How does replacement level fertility differ among developed and developing countries?
Hint* The TFR required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that current population size remains stable.
It is lower in developed countries and higher in developing countries.
400
What is the most likely cause of high death rates in phase I?
Infant and childhood mortality
400
What type shape does a logistic curve have and what shape does an exponential curve have?
-S shape and J shape
400
What shape would display Zero or Negative Growth?
Rectangular or inverted pyramid shape.
Pre-reproductive and reproductive cohorts are equal in size (zero growth), or the pre-reproductive cohorts are smaller (negative growth).
500
Name two things that separate r-selected and k-selected species
level of parental care
life span
# of offspring
reproductive maturity age
population regulation
size of offspring
500
What factors drive birth and death rates of a population? (growth and decline)
-Access to education
-Family planning services
-Healthcare
-Nutrition and diet
-Extra credit if Immigration (net gain) and Emigration (net loss) are also mentioned
500
Zero population growth is associated with which phases?
Phases I and IV
500
Label the following as density dependent (DD) or density independent (DI) factors
1. A tornado
2. amount of food available
3. availability of water
4. climate change
5. predation
DI
DD
DD
DI
DD
500
What are 4 factors affecting total fertility rate?
-age of first birth
-female education
-access to family planning
-government policies