9.1 & 9.2 Ozone Depletion
9.3 & 9,4 Greenhouse Effect, Increases GHG
9.5 Climate Change
9.6 & 9.7 Ocean Warming, Acidification
9.8 -9.10 Invasive, Endangered Species, HI on Biodiversity
100
This layer of the atmosphere contains the "good" ozone that absorbs harmful UV-B and UV-C radiation.
Stratosphere
100
This natural process occurs when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun and radiate it back down to the surface.
Greenhouse Effect
100
Data from ice cores reveals that for the last 800,000 years, there has been a direct and strong correlation between temperature and the concentration of this gas.
Carbon Dioxide
100
This phenomenon occurs because the oceans absorb roughly 90% of the Earth’s warming from the past 50 years due to the high specific heat of water.
ocean warming
100
These types of species are the most likely to become endangered or extinct because they have a narrow niche, are less likely to adapt to new conditions, and are disadvantaged by rapidly changing habitat conditions
specialists
200
These anthropogenic chemicals, once common in refrigerants and aerosols, are the primary cause of ozone depletion.
CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons)
200
While it is a greenhouse gas by definition, this substance does not drive atmospheric temperature change; rather, temperature controls its levels.
Water
200
As the temperature difference between the equator and poles decreases, this atmospheric cell is widening, shifting subtropical deserts further north and south.
Hadley Cell
200
This process happens when thermal stress causes coral to expel their mutualistic algae, known as zooxanthellae, leaving the coral white and vulnerable to disease.
coral bleaching
200
***THE AP IS SOON TRIPLE***
Habitat fragmentation creates smaller, isolated patches of these, which often suffer from decreased genetic diversity and are more prone to inbreeding depression
metapopulations
300
This 1987 global agreement was signed to phase out the production of CFCs to protect the ozone layer.
Montreal Protocol
300
This unit of measurement compares how much a molecule of any gas contributes to atmospheric warming over 100 years relative to CO2.
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
300
These "cycles," caused by variations in Earth’s orbit, eccentricity, and obliquity, lead to predictable variations in Earth's climate over tens of thousands of years.
Milankovitch Cycles
300
**Time to study DOUBLE**
Aside from direct thermal stress, ocean warming contributes to marine "dead zones" because of this physical principle where warmer water holds significantly less of this essential gas, leading to respiratory stress or suffocation.
dissolved oxygen
300
This specific US law gives the Fish and Wildlife Service the power to designate species as threatened or endangered and purchase land critical to their habitats
Endangered Species Act
400
These specific clouds, which form over Antarctica at extremely low temperatures, facilitate the release of ozone-destroying chlorine.
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
400
***DAILY DOUBLE***
This dual-threat process causes sea levels to rise through both the physical melting of land-based ice and this phenomenon where water molecules move further apart as they heat up.
Thermal Expansion
400
Global warming may suppress this "conveyor belt" of ocean currents because melting freshwater from Greenland is less dense than the salt water needed to drive the sinking motion.
Thermohaline Circulation
400
Ocean acidification is particularly dangerous to mollusks and urchins because increased hydrogen ions bond with these, making them less available for organisms to build their shells.
carbonate ions
400
To mitigate the negative effects of habitat fragmentation, conservationists use these to connect isolated subpopulations, allowing for gene flow and increased genetic diversity
wildlife (or habitat) corridors
500
A single one of these atoms can persist in the atmosphere for 50–100 years and destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules.
Chlorine atom
500
Greenhouse gases primarily trap and re-radiate this specific type of energy, which we feel as warmth, after it is released by Earth's surface.
Infrared Radiation (IR)
500
What 3 main pieces of evidence have scientists used to measure and estimate Earth’s historical temperature and CO2 levels?
Foraminifera shells in ocean sediments - different species have different temp. tolerance
Air bubbles in ice cores
- Oxygen isotopes 16O & 18O (warmer temps)
500
When increased atmospheric CO2 dissolves into the ocean, it combines with water to first form this specific chemical compound: H2CO3.
carbonic acid
500
This phenomenon occurs where two different ecosystems meet, creating unique characteristics that may favor disruptive species like the brown-headed cowbird, a brood parasite
edge effect