Devolution and causes
Devolution
the process in which regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central govt.
Terrorism
Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets intended to create fear in order to accomplish political aims
The Treaty of Versailles (1920)
after WWII (in europe), redrew boundaries. Some created nation-states (aka they get along because they share a similar ethnicity). Others caused more conflict due to a difference with ethnicity
Conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi
It destabilized the regions. This is a form of ethnic CLEANSING. As one group went after the other
Apartheid
Racial segregation in south africa between WWII and 1990s. Divided up as whites and non whites
State governments attack an ethnic group in an attempt to try to eliminate them through expulsion, imprisonment, or mass murder.
Failed states
Often a result of devolution, but can often seem unstable as the new states are trying to keep more peace while balancing economic, social, political, and cultural issues
Establishment of Israel (1948)
Palestine became independent from the british after the holocaust. The arabs left and eventually created israel. Palestine is more seen as a stateless nation then as a state
China - Uyghurs
Ethnic cleansing - They are a east Turkistan and muslim group that has been labeled as a terrorist group and has been sent to re-education centers
give 3 or more centripetal forces
Ethnonationalism (not intense)
Equitable infrastructure development
Cultural cohesion / unity / harmony / peace
Also flags, songs, overall praise of the nation
ethnic seperatism
People of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly with their ethnic group than as citizens of the state.
State a centrifugal force
Uneven development, ethnonationalism, competing ethnicities, religions, languages, ect.
Berlin Conference (1884)
Nations of south eastern and eastern europe
Basically people of different ethnicities and cultures were put together, but they didn't like that.They broke up and created new countries and boundaries fitting their ethnicities
Give 3 or more centrifugal forces
Failed states
Uneven development
Stateless nations & Ethnic nationalist or separatist movements
Ethnonationalism if it gets taken too seriously and harms those who "doesn't fit the nation"
why would physical geography be a factor of devolution?
It separates and acts as a border that can isolate the other region. Also it can become difficult to control and handle attacks or revolutions if there is a physical barrier preventing them
EX: mountain ranges, ocean waters, desserts, ect
Ethnonationalism/ethnic nationalism
Why can it become violent?
When the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, language, and religion which creates a sense of pride and ties them to the territory.
People can start to see anyone else who doesn't share the same ethnicity as an outcast which can lead to discrimination and other violent means
Decolonization & Independence Movements (1945-1990)
Colonies then became independent from the colonizers after WWII and the development of the United Nations
Balkanization
When the state faces extreme struggles and eventually falls (EX: yugoslavia)
List 3 or more factors that can lead to devolution
Extra points: Explain all factors stated
Cultural diversity
ethnic separatism/cleansing
physical geography
economic differences
terrorism
irredentism
Balkanization
This is a trick question but can you explain why?
Process by which a “State” breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
This isn't a cause, but a result of devolution
Fall of the Soviet Union (1991)
After the cold war, the Soviet Union fell creating multiple independent states. Mostly in Eastern europe and the countries ending with -stan (EX: Tajikistan)