Unit 1
A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places; it is based on the effort, time, and/or cost to overcome that distance.
The name given to a place on Earth.
Is an HDI of 0.8 good or bad?
Very good.
What's the difference between immigration and emigration?
Immigration is moving into a new country (I for In), while emigration is moving out of your own country (E for Exit).
Unit 7- Deindustrialization affects the economic landscape of countries.
A. Describe the change in the dominant economic sector during industrialization and during deindustrialization.
The answer describes the change in the dominant economic sector during industrialization and during deindustrialization using BOTH of the following:
Industrialization is the process of transitioning from an agrarian economy (primary sector) to an economy dominated by industry (secondary sector). As industrialization occurs, a large percentage of the workforce is employed within the secondary sector, and employment within the primary sector decreases.
AND
Deindustrialization is the process of transitioning from an economy dominated by industry (secondary sector) to an economy dominated by services (tertiary sector). As deindustrialization occurs, a large percentage of the workforce is employed within the tertiary sector, and employment within the secondary sector decreases.
Who came up with World Systems Theory?
Immanuel Wallerstein.
Name the types of diffusion.
Relocation, expansion, contagious, stimulus, hierarchical, and reverse hierarchical.
Name the types of economic sectors.
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quinary, and quaternary.
What is the most accurate kind of density when it comes to a simple overview of how crowded a country is overall?
Arithmetic density.
Unit 7- Deindustrialization affects the economic landscape of countries.
B. Explain ONE spatial change in manufacturing employment patterns as a result of deindustrialization.
The response correctly explains ONE of the following spatial changes in manufacturing employment patterns resulting from deindustrialization:
Companies may move their industrial activities and manufacturing jobs to areas with a lower cost of labor. This process can occur on a regional scale (for example, automobile manufacturing moving from the Midwest to the South in the United States) or a global scale (for example, manufacturing jobs moving from a more developed country to a less developed country).
Companies may move their industrial activities and manufacturing jobs to special enterprise zones or areas offering tax incentives.
Companies may move their industrial activities and manufacturing jobs to locations where government regulations are less strict.
What's the difference between formal, functional, and vernacular/perceptual regions??
Formal Region: An area in which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics (e.g., common language, climate, or political boundary).
Functional: An area organized around a node or focal point, which is generally social, political, or economic (e.g., the area served by a TV station).
Perceptual: An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; also called a Vernacular region.
What's the difference between artifacts, sociofacts, and mentifacts?
Artifacts: The material objects that a culture makes, such as tools, weapons, furniture, or clothes.
Sociofacts: The institutions, practices, or organizations that connect a culture's artifacts and mentifacts (e.g., family structure, religious practices, educational systems).
Mentifacts: The non-material elements of a culture (e.g., beliefs, values, ideas, religion).
Give an example of a formal sector job and an informal sector job.
Corporate Accountant (Formal Sector): Works for a registered company, receives a fixed salary, has a formal contract, pays income tax, and is eligible for health insurance, pension, and paid leave.
Street Food Vendor (Informal Sector): Sells food from a cart on the street, operates without a formal license, earns daily cash, has no employer-provided benefits, and isn't registered for taxes, relying on verbal agreements.
Give an example of an intervening obstacle and an intervening opportunity.
Intervening Obstacle:
A migrant unable to cross the Himalayas or the Atlantic Ocean.
A person being denied entry due to strict visa laws or lack of funds.
A community destroyed by an earthquake, making travel impossible.
Border walls or military checkpoints.
Intervening Opportunity:
Unit 7- Deindustrialization affects the economic landscape of countries.
C. Explain ONE likely outcome of deindustrialization in a region of manufacturing communities.
The response correctly explains ONE of the following likely outcomes of deindustrialization in a region of manufacturing communities:
As manufacturing plants and factories shut down, the population is likely to decline as people seek employment elsewhere.
Due to a lack of investment and declining tax revenues, manufacturing communities may experience decaying infrastructure, falling property values, and social problems such as increased crime.
Name 3 SDG Goals.
Goal 1: No Poverty
Goal 2: Zero Hunger
Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being
Goal 4: Quality Education
Goal 5: Gender Equality
Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities
Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Goal 13: Climate Action
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Goal 15: Life on Land
Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals
Define gentrification and provide an example.
The process of remodeling deteriorated houses in a low-income urban area, leading to an increase in property values and often the displacement of low-income residents.
Example: Areas like Chelsea and the East Village in NYC have gone through major gentrification, transforming from working-class areas to expensive, trendy neighborhoods.
What's the GDP equation?
GDP = Consumer Goods + Investment Spending + Government Spending + (Exports - Imports)
What's the Malthusian theory?
Malthusian theory is the idea that population growth outpaces food supply, leading to inevitable crises like famine, disease, and war unless population is controlled.
Unit 7- Deindustrialization affects the economic landscape of countries.
D. Comparing the development of steel and the invention of the computer chip, explain how technological development drove economic change in both the Industrial Revolution and the transition to a service-based economy.
The response does not correctly compare the development of steel and the invention of the computer chip using ONE statement from EACH of the following:
· The development of steel drove economic change during the Industrial Revolution by:
· The invention of the computer chip drove economic change during the transition to a service-based economy by:
Facilitating the construction of railroads, bridges, tall buildings, larger ships, and other infrastructure.
Facilitating the manufacture of engines and other mechanized labor-saving devices.
Facilitating the production of steel cable, steel rod, sheet metal, or steel alloys making for lightweight or stronger steel to use in manufacturing and construction.
Making the computer revolution and the digital age possible through Internet commerce, cellular communications, networks, servers, and supercomputing.
Powering service-sector industries such as information technology, financial services, retail, and education, all of which depend on the processing power and connectivity brought about by the computer chip.
Making all sectors of the economy more efficient through labor-saving computing devices.
In 1854, London physician Dr. John Snow mapped the spatial relationship between deaths from the waterborne disease cholera and the locations of water pumps which brought in water directly from tunnels connected to the River Thames. From Snow’s research it was determined that a public water pump had been contaminated by sewage.
What geographic principle explains the significance of Snow’s research?
A- As cities remove natural resources from the landscape, those resources become insignificant.
B- Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.
C- Once water enters an area of urban land use, that water is no longer considered a natural resource.
D- The prosperity of a society is determined by environmental factors, such as the availability of natural resources.
E- Societies leave a cultural imprint on the land, such as the pattern of streets and water systems.
B- Even in areas of urban land use, there is a significant relationship between nature and society.
Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia’s population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?
A- Ethiopia is part of a regional Islamic majority.
B- In the fourth century, kings of Ethiopia mandated that the Christian religion be followed.
C- Protestant Christianity is the fastest-growing religion in Ethiopia.
D- Ethiopia is too far from Rome for the Roman Catholic Church to be dominant.
E- Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.
E- Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.
Rostow’s stages of development can easily be applied to countries such as the United States and Japan, but not so easily to countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Bolivia, because the theory....
A- is predicated on less developed countries receiving financial assistance from more developed countries.
B- places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources.
C- ignores unevenness in development across the globe.
D- does not take into account the interdependence of places and regions.
E- highlights the semiperiphery as the most successful in development.
B- places emphasis on developed nations having less developed nations to exploit for resources.
Which statement best explains an environmental impact of China's population distribution?
A- The population distribution shown allows for large-scale agricultural expansion in western China to increase the food supply.
B- The population distribution shown permits the dispersal of industrial air pollution outside of the region due to prevailing wind patterns.
C- The population distribution shown directs urban and industrial water pollution along riverways to less populated portions of the country.
D- The population distribution shown depicts concentration in cities, which results in more open area to protect wildlife and preserve habitats.
E- The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.
E- The population distribution shown requires more intensive use of limited soil and water resources to increase the carrying capacity of agricultural land.
Unit 7- Deindustrialization affects the economic landscape of countries.
E. Describe the significance of a growth pole in an urban or regional economy.
The response correctly describes the significance of a growth pole in an urban or regional economy using ONE of the following:
A growth pole is significant to an urban economy as it will attract supporting businesses such as retail establishments, restaurants, and other service industries to the city or urban area on a local scale.