Personality
Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin’s behavior illustrates which defense mechanism?
Displacement
Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. What theory of motivation best explains Adrian’s desire to do dangerous activities?
Arousal Theory
Which part of the brain processes emotions like fear and anger?
Amygdala
Leila saw a man treat a passerby rudely. Shortly after that, she saw him slip and fall to the ground. She immediately thought, “What a clumsy man,” without acknowledging that he had walked onto a patch of ice. Leila is demonstrating the fundamental attribution error because
A. the thought was immediate
B. she projected her own clumsiness onto the man
C. she blamed his fall on his being clumsy
D. she thought he got what he deserved
C. she blamed his fall on his being clumsy
Chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the next ballot. He decides to sign the petition. Then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as what?
Food-in-the-Door Technique
Zeeshan read online that many adults have trouble with adult friendships because of unconscious feelings about childhood traumas they experienced. The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts is which theoretical perspectives?
Psychoanalysis
Isaac’s father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. What type of motivation being used by Isaac’s father?
Incentive Theory
What term means the more you’re exposed to something, the more you’ll come to like it.
Mere Exposure Effect
According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to
A. good luck
B. his intelligence
C. his instructor's teaching ability
D. the low level of difficulty of the exam
B. his intelligence
A basic assumption underlying the definition of groupthink is that
A. more reasonable decisions are made by groups than by individuals
B. group members desire peace and harmony within the group
C. group members are primarily interested in their own advancement within the group
D. decisions made by groups of people tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals
B. group members desire peace and harmony within the group
The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?
A. Encoding
B. Short-term memory
C. Explicit memory
D. Retrieval
D. Retrieval
The drive-reduction theory of motivation can be used to account for which of the following?
A. The tendency to affiliate with others in order to enhance the likelihood of survival
B. The desire to achieve self-actualization
C. The need to sleep after a period of sleep deprivation
D. The desire to go skydiving or engage in other behaviors that produce an adrenaline rush
C. The need to sleep after a period of sleep deprivation
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of...
A. facial expressions
B. body language
C. linguistic structures
D. biological symmetry
A. facial expressions
When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says it is because his team is so good; however, when his team loses, he says it is because the referees made a lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating what term?
Self-Serving Bias
Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a
A. close friend
B. physically attractive individual
C. legitimate authority
D. subordinate
C. legitimate authority
Eleanor is interested in measuring how personalities differ. She statistically analyzes responses to personality surveys to determine what aspects of personality can best explain how people differ. Which theory of personality explains Eleanor’s work?
Trait Theory
Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of what kind of motivation?
Intrinsic Motivation
Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. Which of the following describes emotional appraisal in this scenario?
A. Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response
B. Leo is able to identify his response as fear more quickly than Caitlin can identify her response as excitement because fear is more evolutionarily important and thus is processed more quickly
C. Leo and Caitlin experience different physiological responses to the impending date and interpret their emotional responses accordingly
D. Leo and Caitlin both experience a physiological response and feel either fear or excitement simultaneously
A. Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response
A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently performs poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred?
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Frank comes out of his monthly meeting of conspiracy theorists even more convinced than ever that there is a secret group trying to take over the world. Frank’s experience best illustrates which term?
Group Polarization
Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi’s expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high...?
Self-Efficacy
Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of which of the following?
A. maintenance of physiological equilibrium
B. internal states of tension that need to be resolved
C. external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior
D. tendencies that strike a balance between biological and social needs
C. external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior
Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?
A. Two individuals who are from different nations
B. Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion
C. An individual who is blind and an individual who can see
D. An individual conforming to the James-Lange theory and an individual conforming to the Schachter two-factor theory
B. Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion
Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn’t like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick’s behavior is best explained by which term?
Confirmation Bias
In an experiment, participants who all wore matching red shirts acted more aggressively than participants who did not wear matching shirts. This is an example of what term?
Deindividuation