Theories
Phineas Gage had damage to his medial
prefrontal lobes
The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the
amygdala.
The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating
glucocorticoids.
Drugs that are intended to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are classified as __________ drugs.
antipsychotic
In the DSM-5, schizophrenia and related disorders are referred to as
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by
James and Lange
Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty
recognizing facial expressions of fear.
Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called
psychosomatic disorders
The first two antipsychotic drugs were
chlorpromazine and reserpine
Clinical depression is also known as
major depressive disorder
Bard’s 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.
The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________.
hypothalamus; PAG
The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today’s theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the
sympathetic nervous system
The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed
was imipramine.
_______________ is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety and worry about a large number of different activities or events.
Generalized anxiety disorder
Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the
limbic system.
The re-experiencing of related patterns of sensory and motor neural activity during the experience of emotion is generally referred to as
the embodiment of emotions
An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever.
cytokines
Fluoxetine
is a SSRI.
Giuseppe has been told by his family physician that his changes in behavior are caused by “hypomanic episodes” and that he has also been experiencing “major depressive episodes.” What diagnosis will the clinician apply to Giuseppe’s condition?
bipolar II disorder
The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called
microexpressions
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.
Stress that improves health has been termed
eustress.
Which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effects of benzodiazepines?
GABA
“The CIA is using their mind-implants to make me beat my dog!” This kind of statement, uttered by someone diagnosed with schizophrenia, is an example of a
delusion of being controlled